1866–67 United States House of Representatives elections

1866–67 United States House of Representatives elections

←  1864 & 1865 June 4, 1866 – September 6, 1867[a] 1868 & 1869 →
All 224[b] seats in the United States House of Representatives 113 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader Schuyler Colfax Samuel Marshall Party Republican Democratic Leader's seat Indiana 9th Illinois 11th Last election 150 seats[c] 33 seats Seats won 173 47 Seat change 23 14 Popular vote 2,611,309 1,919,507 Percentage 55.36% 40.69% Swing 1.89%[d] 1.28%   Third party Fourth party   Party Conservative Independent Last election 5 seats 1 seat Seats won 2 2[e] Seat change 3 1 Popular vote 94,455 83,205 Percentage 2.00% 1.76% Swing 0.19% 0.70%
House election results map. Red represents seats won by the Republicans and blue denotes those won by the Democrats.
Speaker before election Schuyler Colfax Republican Elected Speaker Schuyler Colfax Republican

The 1866–67 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between June 4, 1866, and September 6, 1867. They occurred during President Andrew Johnson's term just one year after the American Civil War ended when the Union defeated the Confederacy. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives. Members were elected before or after the first session of the 40th United States Congress convened on March 4, 1867, including the at-large seat from the new state of Nebraska. Ten secessionist states still had not yet been readmitted, and therefore were not seated.

The 1866 elections were a decisive event in the early Reconstruction era, in which President Johnson faced off against the Radical Republicans in a bitter dispute over whether Reconstruction should be lenient or harsh toward the vanquished white South.

Most of the congressmen from the former Confederate states were either prevented from leaving the state or were arrested on the way to the capital. A Congress consisting of mostly Radical Republicans sat early in the Capitol and aside from the delegation from Tennessee who were allowed in, the few Southern Congressmen who arrived were not seated.

Johnson, a War Democrat, had been elected Vice President in the 1864 presidential election as the running mate of Abraham Lincoln, a Republican. (The Republicans had chosen not to re-nominate Hannibal Hamlin for a second term as vice president).

Lincoln and Johnson ran together under the banner of the National Union Party, which brought together Republicans (with the exception of some hard-line abolitionist Radical Republicans who backed John C. Frémont, who eventually dropped out of the race after brokering a deal with Lincoln) and the War Democrats (the minority of Democrats who backed Lincoln's prosecution of the war, as opposed to the Peace Democrats, or Copperheads, who favored a negotiated settlement with the Confederates).

After the assassination of Lincoln, Johnson became president. He immediately became embroiled in a dispute with the Radical Republicans over the conditions of Reconstruction; Johnson favored a lenient Reconstruction, while Radical Republicans wanted to continue the military occupation of the South and force Southern states to give freedmen (the newly freed slaves) civil rights (and the right to vote).

Johnson stumped the country in a public speaking tour known as the Swing Around the Circle; he generally supported Democrats but his speeches were poorly received.

The Republicans won in a landslide, capturing enough seats to override Johnson's vetoes. Only the border states of Delaware, Maryland, and Kentucky voted for Democrats. Recently Reconstructed Tennessee sent a Republican delegation. The other 10 ex-Confederate states did not vote. As a percentage of the total number of seats available in the House of Representatives, the Republican majority attained in the election of 1866 has never been exceeded in any subsequent Congress. The Democratic Party was able to achieve similar success only in the political environment of the era of the Great Depression in the 1930s.

Seven secessionist states were readmitted during this Congress, filling 32 vacancies, but are not included in this table if they were not elected within 1866 through 1867.^[1]

↓

44	4	147
Democratic	[f]	Republican

State	Type	Date	Total seats	Democratic		Conservative		Republican		Others
				Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Oregon	At-large	June 4, 1866	1	0		0		1		0
Vermont	Districts	Sep 4, 1866	3	0		0		3		0
Maine	Districts	Sep 10, 1866	5	0		0		5		0
Indiana	Districts	Oct 9, 1866	11	3	1	0		8	1	0
Iowa	Districts	Oct 9, 1866	6	0		0		6		0
Nebraska	At-large	Oct 9, 1866	1	0		0		1		0
Ohio	Districts	Oct 9, 1866	19	2		0		17		0
Pennsylvania	Districts	Oct 9, 1866	24	6	3	0		18	3	0
West Virginia	Districts	Oct 25, 1866	3	0		0		3	3	0	3[g]
Delaware	At-large	Nov 6, 1866 (Election Day)[h]	1	1		0		0		0
Illinois	District + 1 at-large		14	3		0		11		0
Kansas	At-large		1	0		0		1		0
Maryland	Districts		5	3	1	1	1	1	1	0	3[g]
Massachusetts	Districts		10	0		0		10		0
Michigan	Districts		6	0		0		6		0
Minnesota	Districts		2	0		0		2		0
Missouri	Districts		9	1		0		8		0
Nevada	At-large		1	0		0		1		0
New Jersey	Districts		5	2	1	0		3	1	0
New York	Districts		31	10	1	0		21[e]	1	0
Wisconsin	Districts		6	1		0		5		0
Late elections (after the March 4, 1867 beginning of Congress)
New Hampshire	Districts	Mar 12, 1867	3	0		0		3		0
Connecticut	Districts	Apr 1, 1867	4	3	3	0		1	3	0
Rhode Island	Districts	Apr 3, 1867	2	0		0		2		0
Kentucky	Districts	May 4, 1867	9[i]	7	2	0		1	1	0	4[j]
Tennessee	Districts	Aug 3, 1867	8	0		0		8	8	0	8[k]
California	Districts	Sep 6, 1867	3	2	2	0		1	2	0
Secessionist states not yet readmitted
Alabama	Districts	—	6	0		0		0		0
Arkansas	Districts	—	3	0		0		0		0
Florida	At-large	—	1	0		0		0		0
Georgia	Districts	—	7	0		0		0		0
Louisiana	Districts	—	5	0		0		0		0
Mississippi	Districts	—	5	0		0		0		0
North Carolina	Districts	—	7	0		0		0		0
South Carolina	Districts	—	4	0		0		0		0
Texas	Districts	—	4	0		0		0		0
Virginia	Districts	—	8	0		0		0		0
Total[b]			193[l]	44 22.8%	4	1 0.5%	1	147[e] 76.2%	12	0 0.0%	18[m]

Popular vote Republican   55.36% Democratic   40.69% Conservative   2.00% Independent   1.76% Others   0.19%

House seats Republican   77.23% Democratic   20.98% Conservative   0.89% Independent   0.89%

The party affiliations of the 4 Representatives elected in Texas's rejected elections are unknown.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Kentucky 5	Lovell Rousseau	Unconditional Unionist	1865	Incumbent resigned July 21, 1866 following his assault of Josiah Grinnell. Incumbent re-elected September 15, 1866. Unconditional Unionist hold.	▌Y Lovell Rousseau (Unconditional Unionist) 99.0%[2]
Kentucky 6	Green C. Smith	Unconditional Unionist	1861	Incumbent resigned July 13, 1866 to become Governor of Montana Territory. New member elected September 15, 1866. Democratic gain.	▌Y Andrew H. Ward (Democratic) 89.2% ▌R. R. Carpenter (Unknown) 10.8%[3]
Kentucky 3	Henry Grider	Democratic	1861	Incumbent died September 7, 1866. New member elected October 6, 1866. Democratic hold.	▌Y Elijah Hise (Democratic) 74.3% ▌P. B. Hawkins (National Union) 25.7%[4]
New York 3	James Humphrey	Republican	1864	Incumbent died June 16, 1866. New member elected November 6, 1866. Democratic gain.	▌Y John W. Hunter (Democratic) 54.4% ▌Simeon B. Chittenden (Republican) 45.6%[5]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Kentucky 3	Elijah Hise	Democratic	1866 (special)	Incumbent died May 6, 1867. New member elected August 5, 1867. Democratic hold.	▌Y Jacob Golladay (Democratic) 76.6% ▌J. R. Curd (Republican) 13.6% ▌W. T. Jackman (Independent) 9.8%[6]
Ohio 2	Rutherford B. Hayes	Republican	1864	Incumbent resigned July 20, 1867 to run for Governor of Ohio. New member elected October 8, 1867. Independent Republican gain.	▌Y Samuel F. Cary (Independent Republican) 52.1% ▌Richard Smith (Republican) 47.3% ▌Charles Reemelin (Democratic) 0.6%[7]
Pennsylvania 12	Charles Denison	Democratic	1862	Incumbent died June 27, 1867. New member elected October 8, 1867. Democratic hold.	▌Y George W. Woodward (Democratic) 51.2% ▌Winthrop W. Ketcham (Republican) 48.8%[8]
Missouri 3	Thomas E. Noell	Democratic	1864	Incumbent died October 3, 1867. New member elected November 5, 1867. Democratic hold.	▌Y James R. McCormick (Democratic) 52.7% ▌James H. Chase (Republican) 47.3%[9]
New York 21	Roscoe Conkling	Republican	1864	Incumbent resigned March 3, 1867 when elected U.S. senator. New member elected November 5, 1867. Republican hold.	▌Y Alexander H. Bailey (Republican) 51.5% ▌John Stryker (Democratic) 48.5%[10]

California elections

← 1864 September 6, 1867 1868 →
3 seats
Majority party Minority party   Party Democratic Republican Last election 0 3 Seats won 2 1 Seat change 2 2 Popular vote 48,346 44,436 Percentage 52.1% 47.9%
Democratic gain   Republican hold

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
California 1	Donald C. McRuer	Republican	1864	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y Samuel Beach Axtell (Democratic) 57.3% ▌Timothy Guy Phelps (Republican) 42.7%
California 2	William Higby	Republican	1863	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William Higby (Republican) 52.1% ▌James W. Coffrot (Democratic) 47.9%
California 3	John Bidwell	Republican	1864	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y James A. Johnson (Democratic) 50.6% ▌Chancellor Hartson (Republican) 49.4%

See non-voting delegates, below.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[11]
Connecticut 1	Henry C. Deming	Republican	1863	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y Richard D. Hubbard (Democratic) 51.1% ▌Henry C. Deming (Republican) 48.9%
Connecticut 2	Samuel L. Warner	Republican	1861	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y Julius Hotchkiss (Democratic) 53.2% ▌Cyrus Northrop (Republican) 47.6%
Connecticut 3	Augustus Brandegee	Republican	1863	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Henry H. Starkweather (Republican) 55.4% ▌Earl Martin (Democratic) 44.6%
Connecticut 4	John Henry Hubbard	Republican	1863	Incumbent lost renomination. Democratic gain.	▌Y William Barnum (Democratic) 51.9% ▌P. T. Barnum (Republican) 48.0%

See non-voting delegates, below.

See non-voting delegates, below.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Massachusetts 1	Thomas D. Eliot	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas D. Eliot (Republican) 84.17% ▌Matthias Elias (Democratic) 15.83%
Massachusetts 2	Oakes Ames	Republican	1862	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Oakes Ames (Republican) 79.60% ▌Abijah M. Ide (Democratic) 20.40%
Massachusetts 3	Alexander H. Rice	Republican	1858	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Ginery Twichell (Republican) 66.51% ▌William Henry Aspinwall (Democratic) 28.43% ▌P. R. Quincy (Workingman) 5.06%
Massachusetts 4	Samuel Hooper	Republican	1861 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Samuel Hooper (Republican) 71.29% ▌Joseph M. Wightman (Democratic) 28.71%
Massachusetts 5	John B. Alley	Republican	1858	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Benjamin Butler (Republican) 76.07% ▌William D. Northend (Democratic) 23.93%
Massachusetts 6	Nathaniel P. Banks	Republican	1865 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Nathaniel P. Banks (Republican) 74.96% ▌Frederick O. Prince (Democratic) 25.04%
Massachusetts 7	George S. Boutwell	Republican	1862	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y George S. Boutwell (Republican) 77.34% ▌Leverett Saltonstall (Democratic) 22.66%
Massachusetts 8	John D. Baldwin	Republican	1862	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John D. Baldwin (Republican) 82.62% ▌William A. Williams (Democratic) 17.38%
Massachusetts 9	William B. Washburn	Republican	1862	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William B. Washburn (Republican) 87.06% ▌Levi Haywood (Democratic) 12.94%
Massachusetts 10	Henry L. Dawes	Republican	1856	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Henry L. Dawes (Republican) 66.00% ▌Abijah W. Chapin (Democratic) 34.00%

See non-voting delegates, below.

There were two elections in the new state of Nebraska in 1866: on June 6 for the remainder of the current term, and October 9 for the next term.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Nebraska at-large	New state			New seat. Republican gain. New member seated March 2, 1867.	▌Y Turner M. Marquett (Republican) 50.84% ▌John R. Brooke (Democratic) 49.16%[12]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Nebraska at-large	Turner M. Marquett	Republican	1866	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y John Taffe (Republican) 54.02% ▌Algernon Paddock (Democratic) 45.64%[13]

See non-voting delegates, below.

Democrats gained one seat this election in Ohio. It was later contested and awarded to the Republican for a net gain of zero.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[14]
Ohio 1	Benjamin Eggleston	Republican	1864	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Benjamin Eggleston (Republican) 52.3% ▌George H. Pendleton (Democratic) 47.7%
Ohio 2	Rutherford B. Hayes	Republican	1864	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) 56.2% ▌Theodore Cook (Democratic) 43.8%
Ohio 3	Robert C. Schenck	Republican	1862	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Robert C. Schenck (Republican) 51.8% ▌Durbin Ward (Democratic) 48.2%
Ohio 4	William Lawrence	Republican	1864	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William Lawrence (Republican) 54.6% ▌John F. McKinney (Democratic) 45.4%
Ohio 5	Francis C. Le Blond	Democratic	1862	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y William Mungen (Democratic) 55.4% ▌Moses B. Walker (Republican) 44.6%
Ohio 6	Reader W. Clarke	Republican	1864	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Reader W. Clarke (Republican) 53.0% ▌William Howard (Democratic) 47.0%
Ohio 7	Samuel Shellabarger	Republican	1864	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Samuel Shellabarger (Republican) 54.3% ▌Thomas Miller (Democratic) 45.7%
Ohio 8	James Randolph Hubbell	Republican	1864	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Cornelius S. Hamilton (Republican) 54.3% ▌William P. Reid (Democratic) 45.7%
Ohio 9	Ralph P. Buckland	Republican	1864	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Ralph P. Buckland (Republican) 52.2% ▌Thomas P. Finefrock (Democratic) 47.8%
Ohio 10	James M. Ashley	Republican	1862	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James M. Ashley (Republican) 53.4% ▌Henry S. Commager (Democratic) 46.6%
Ohio 11	Hezekiah S. Bundy	Republican	1864	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y John T. Wilson (Republican) 56.2% ▌Oscar F. Moore (Democratic) 43.8%
Ohio 12	William E. Finck	Democratic	1862	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y Philadelph Van Trump (Democratic) 56.2% ▌Wells S. Jones (Republican) 43.8%
Ohio 13	Columbus Delano	Republican	1864	Incumbent lost re-election Democratic gain.[n]	▌Y George W. Morgan (Democratic) 50.5%[n] ▌Columbus Delano (Republican) 49.5%[n]
Ohio 14	Martin Welker	Republican	1864	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Martin Welker (Republican) 53.4% ▌James B. Young (Democratic) 46.6%
Ohio 15	Tobias A. Plants	Republican	1864	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Tobias A. Plants (Republican) 54.5% ▌Martin Dewey Follett (Democratic) 45.6%
Ohio 16	John Bingham	Republican	1864	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Bingham (Republican) 52.8% ▌Charles H. Mitchner (Democratic) 47.2%
Ohio 17	Ephraim R. Eckley	Republican	1862	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Ephraim R. Eckley (Republican) 60.0% ▌Louis Schaefer (Democratic) 40.0%
Ohio 18	Rufus P. Spalding	Republican	1862	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Rufus P. Spalding (Republican) 64.4% ▌Oliver Payne (Democratic) 35.6%
Ohio 19	James A. Garfield	Republican	1862	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James A. Garfield (Republican) 71.3% ▌David C. Coolman (Democratic) 28.7%

Elections held late, on August 1, 1867.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Tennessee 1	Nathaniel G. Taylor	Unionist	1865	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌Y Roderick R. Butler (Republican) 86.82% ▌James White (Conservative) 12.85% ▌James Powell (Republican) 0.33%[15]
Tennessee 2	Horace Maynard	Unionist	1865	Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain.	▌Y Horace Maynard (Republican) 78.83% ▌John Williams (Conservative) 21.17%[16]
Tennessee 3	William B. Stokes	Unionist	1865	Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain.	▌Y William B. Stokes (Republican) 83.25% ▌Eli G. Fleming (Conservative) 16.75%[17]
Tennessee 4	Edmund Cooper	Unionist	1865	Incumbent lost re-election as a Conservative. Republican gain.	▌Y James Mullins (Republican) 51.85% ▌Edmund Cooper (Conservative) 25.42%[18]
Tennessee 5	William B. Campbell	Unionist	1865	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌Y John Trimble (Republican) 72.09% ▌Balie Peyton (Conservative) 24.37% ▌D. H. Mason (Independent Republican) 3.54%[19]
Tennessee 6	Samuel M. Arnell	Unionist	1865	Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain.	▌Y Samuel M. Arnell (Republican) 77.79% ▌Dorsey B. Thomas (Conservative) 22.21%[20]
Tennessee 7	Isaac R. Hawkins	Unionist	1865	Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain.	▌Y Isaac R. Hawkins (Republican) 83.60% ▌William P. Coldwell (Conservative) 16.40%[21]
Tennessee 8	John W. Leftwich	Unionist	1865	Incumbent lost re-election as a Conservative. Republican gain.	▌Y David A. Nunn (Republican) 59.41% ▌John W. Leftwich (Conservative) 40.59%[22]

See non-voting delegates, below.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[23]
Vermont 1	Frederick E. Woodbridge	Republican	1863	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Frederick E. Woodbridge (Republican) 72.8% ▌Samuel Wells (Democratic) 27.1%
Vermont 2	Justin S. Morrill	Republican	1854	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Luke P. Poland (Republican) 72.2% ▌Charles M. Chase (Democratic) 26.2% Others ▌Peter T. Washburn (Republican) 0.4% ▌Hampden Cutts (Unknown) 0.3% ▌Julius Converse (Republican) 0.3% ▌D. C. Denison (Republican) 0.2%
Vermont 3	Portus Baxter	Republican	1860	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican hold.	First ballot ▌Portus Baxter (Republican) 46.8% ▌Romeo H. Hoyt (Republican) 28.8% ▌Waldo Brigham (Democratic) 21.7% ▌J. S. Adams (Republican) 1.0% ▌J. H. Woodward (Republican) 0.6% ▌O. G. Wheeler (Republican) 0.5% Second ballot ▌Y Worthington C. Smith (Republican) 50.9% ▌Asa O. Aldis (Republican) 24.8% ▌Waldo Brigham (Democratic) 23.8% ▌Portus Baxter (Republican) 0.2%

See non-voting delegates, below.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
West Virginia 1	Chester D. Hubbard	Unconditional Unionist	1864	Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain.	▌Y Chester D. Hubbard (Republican) 54.83% ▌D. D. Johnson (Democratic) 45.17%[24]
West Virginia 2	George R. Latham	Unconditional Unionist	1864	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌Y Bethuel Kitchen (Republican) 61.30% ▌E. W. Andrews (Democratic) 38.35% ▌Daniel Polsley (Republican) 0.35%[25]
West Virginia 3	Kellian Whaley	Unconditional Unionist	1863	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌Y Daniel Polsley (Republican) 58.77% ▌John H. Oley (Democratic) 41.23%[26]

Wisconsin elected six members of congress on Election Day, November 4, 1866.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[27]
Wisconsin 1	Halbert E. Paine	National Union	1864	Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.	▌Y Halbert E. Paine (Republican) 58.8% ▌James S. Brown (Democratic) 41.2%
Wisconsin 2	Ithamar Sloan	National Union	1862	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Benjamin F. Hopkins (Republican) 61.5% ▌John J. Pease (Democratic) 38.5%
Wisconsin 3	Amasa Cobb	National Union	1862	Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.	▌Y Amasa Cobb (Republican) 62.9% ▌Noah Virgin (Democratic) 37.1%
Wisconsin 4	Charles A. Eldredge	Democratic	1862	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Charles A. Eldredge (Democratic) 56.6% ▌Orin Hatch (Republican) 43.4%
Wisconsin 5	Philetus Sawyer	National Union	1864	Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.	▌Y Philetus Sawyer (Republican) 60.5% ▌Morgan Lewis Martin (Democratic) 39.5%
Wisconsin 6	Walter D. McIndoe	National Union	1862 (special)	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Cadwallader C. Washburn (Republican) 66.4% ▌Gilbert L. Park (Democratic) 33.6%

District	Incumbent			This race
	Delegate	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Colorado Territory at-large
Dakota Territory at-large
Idaho Territory at-large	Edward D. Holbrook	Democratic	1864	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Edward D. Holbrook (Democratic) 55.45% ▌J. M. Kirkpatrick (Republican) 44.55%[28]
Montana Territory at-large	Samuel McLean	Democratic	1864	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y James M. Cavanaugh (Democratic) 54.95% ▌Wilbur F. Sanders (Republican) 45.05%[29]
New Mexico Territory at-large
Utah Territory at-large
Washington Territory at-large

• 1866 United States elections
  • 1866–67 United States Senate elections
• 39th United States Congress
• 40th United States Congress

• Beale, Howard K. (1930). The Critical Year.
• Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
• Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
• ▌McPherson, Edward (1875). The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction. Solomons & Chapman. mcpherson period of reconstruction., large collection of speeches and primary documents, 1865–1870, complete text online (the copyright has expired)
• Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
• Riddleberger, Patrick W. (1979). 1866, the critical year revisited.
• Trefousse, Hans L. (1989). Andrew Johnson: A Biography.
• "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.

• Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)