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Acts 14

Acts 14
Acts 15:22–24 in Latin (left column) and Greek (right column) in Codex Laudianus, written about AD 550.
BookActs of the Apostles
CategoryChurch history
Christian Bible partNew Testament
Order in the Christian part5

Acts 14 is the fourteenth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the first missionary journey of Paul and Barnabas to Phrygia and Lycaonia. The book containing this chapter is anonymous but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke composed this book as well as the Gospel of Luke.[1]

Text

The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 28 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:

In Greek
In Latin

Old Testament references

New Testament references

Locations

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Places mentioned in (blue dots) and related to (red dots) this chapter.

This chapter mentions the following places (in order of appearance):

Timeline

The first missionary journey of Paul and Barnabas took place about AD 47–48.[5]

Preaching in Iconium (verses 1-7) and Lystra (verses 8–19)

The Sacrifice at Lystra by Raphael, 1515.

Paul and his companions went out of Antioch in Pisidia to the east, apparently following the Roman road (Via Sebaste) which connects the Roman colonies of Antioch, Iconium (modern: Konya; 150 kilometres (93 mi) to the southeast) and Lystra (30 km further to the southwest).[6] Although the initial responses of both Jews and Greeks in the Iconium synagogue is positive (verse 1), the account focuses less on the church's foundation story, and more on the repeated opposition from "unbelieving Jews" or (in the aorist tense) "Jews who had decided against belief" in these cities.[7]

Verse 8

At Lystra there was a crippled man, lame from birth, who had never walked.[8]

This man's needs and circumstances match those of the man healed by Peter and John in Acts 3:2.[9] Theologians Matthias Schneckenburger [de], Ferdinand Christian Baur, and Eduard Zeller considered that this narrative originated "from an imitation of the narrative of the earlier Petrine miracle in chapter 3".[10]

Verse 11

Now when the people saw what Paul had done, they raised their voices, saying in the Lycaonian language, "The gods have come down to us in the likeness of men!"[11]

The Roman poet Ovid told of an ancient legend in which Zeus and Hermes came to the Phrygian hill country disguised as mortals seeking lodging. After being turned away from a thousand homes, they found refuge in the humble cottage of an elderly couple. In appreciation for the couple's hospitality, the gods transformed the cottage into a temple with a golden roof and marble columns. All the houses of the inhospitable people were then destroyed. This ancient legend may be the reason that the people treated Paul and Barnabas as gods. After witnessing the healing of the cripple, they did not want to make the same mistake as their ancestors.[12] Ancient inscriptions confirm the existence of the local pre-Greek language ("Lycaonian") in that period, as well as the joint worship of Zeus and Hermes in the area.[13]

Verse 19

But Jews came from Antioch and Iconium, and having persuaded the crowds, they stoned Paul and dragged him out of the city, supposing that he was dead.[14]

With this verse there is an "abrupt return" to summary mode and to the theme of Christian persecution.[7] Although the stoning of Paul was undertaken by "Jews from Antioch and Iconium", Henry Alford suggests that "they stoned him, not in the Jewish method, but tumultuously and in the streets, dragging him out of the city afterwards".[15] Paul refers to the event in 2 Corinthians 11:25.[15]

Travel to Derbe (verse 20)

But when the disciples gathered about him, he rose up and entered the city, and on the next day he went on with Barnabas to Derbe.[16]

After Paul had been stoned and supposed dead in Lystra (verse 19), he and Barnabas departed the next day for Derbe (Greek: εξηλθεν ... εις δερβην; 100 kilometres (62 mi) to the southeast of Lystra).[6] Many translations render this text as 'and on the next day he went on with Barnabas to Derbe',[17] implying they traveled within one day, but as it is about 60 miles from Lystra to the likely site of Derbe, Bastian van Elderen has stated that Acts 14:20 must be translated as 'on the next day he set out with Barnabas towards (or for) Derbe'.[18]

Returning to Pisidia (verses 21–23)

From Derbe, Paul and Barnabas began the journey back to Antioch, Pisidia, while consolidation of the newly planted churches along the way: 'strengthening the soul and encouraging believers to remain in the faith (verse 22) in person as Paul later does with his letters (cf. 1 Thessalonians 2:14—16; 3:2—4).[7] The term "Elders" (Greek: πρεσβυτέρους, presbyterous) is used by Paul as church officials in the Pastoral epistles (Titus 1:5; 1 Timothy 5:17,19), along with another term episkopoi (Acts 20:28; cf. Philippians 1:1).[7]

The journey home from Pisidia to Syria (verses 24–28)

This section records the conclusion of the journey, tracing the traversed region along the land road until reaching Attalia, where they sailed to Seleucia, the sea port of Antioch in Syria (verses 24–26). The missionary church received a 'formal report' on the accomplished work (verses 26–27), especially the opening of a 'door of faith' for the Gentiles (cf. 2 Corinthians 2:12).[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.
  2. ^ Bruce M. Metzger, The Early Versions of the New Testament, Oxford University Press, 1977, p. 316.
  3. ^ a b c d "Biblical concordances of Acts 14 in the King James Version".
  4. ^ Kirkpatrick, A. F. (1901). The Book of Psalms: with Introduction and Notes. The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Vol. Book IV and V: Psalms XC-CL. Cambridge: At the University Press. p. 840. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  5. ^ John Arthur Thomas Robinson (1919–1983). "Redating the New Testament". Westminster Press, 1976. 369 pages. ISBN 978-1-57910-527-3
  6. ^ a b Hansen, G. W. (1994) Galatia, in Gill and Gempf, pp. 384–385; apud Alexander 2007, p. 1046.
  7. ^ a b c d e Alexander 2007, p. 1046.
  8. ^ Acts 14:8:
  9. ^ Gill, J., Gill's Exposition on Acts 14, accessed 9 May 2024
  10. ^ Meyer, H. A. W. (1880), Meyer's NT Commentary on Acts 14, translated from the German sixth edition, accessed 9 May 2024
  11. ^ Acts 14:11: NKJV
  12. ^ The Nelson Study Bible. Thomas Nelson, Inc. 1997
  13. ^ Bruce, F. F. (1990), The Acts of the Apostles: the Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary, 3rd edn. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans), pp. 321–322; apud Alexander 2007, p. 1046.
  14. ^ Acts 14:19: English Standard Version
  15. ^ a b Alford, H. (1841-61), Greek Testament Critical Exegetical Commentary - Alford on Acts 14, accessed 10 May 2024
  16. ^ Acts 14:20: ESV
  17. ^ Acts 14:20 in the English Standard Version and Revised Standard Version, accessed 18 September 2015
  18. ^ "Van Elderen, Bastian (1970), Some Archaeological Observations on Paul's First Missionary Journey, p. 159" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2015-09-18.

Sources

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