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Battle of Wolgast

Battle of Wolgast
Part of the Thirty Years' War
Date22 August (O.S.) 2 September (N.S.) 1628
Location
Wolgast, Duchy of Pomerania
present-day Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
Result Imperial victory
Belligerents
 Denmark–Norway  Holy Roman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Denmark–Norway Christian IV[1][2]
Strength
7,000 total[4]
5,000-6,000 in battle[3]		 7,000–8,000[3]
Casualties and losses
1,000 killed
1,100 captured[2]		 Unknown

The Battle of Wolgast was an engagement in the Thirty Years' War, fought on 22 August (O.S.)[5] or 2 September (N.S.)[6] 1628 near Wolgast, Duchy of Pomerania, Germany.[nb 1]

Danish forces of Christian IV of Denmark-Norway had made landfall on Usedom and the adjacent mainland, and expelled the imperial occupation forces. An Imperial army commanded by Albrecht von Wallenstein left besieged Stralsund to confront Christian IV.[1] Ultimately, the Danish forces were defeated.[7] Christian IV and a fraction of his landing force were able to escape by ship.

Prelude

Main articles: Capitulation of Franzburg and Siege of Stralsund (1628)

Christian IV of Denmark-Norway had started the Danish-Norwegian intervention in the Thirty Years' War by invading the Holy Roman Empire in 1625.[8] Initially successful, he suffered setbacks when his armies were defeated in the battles of Dessau Bridge and Lutter am Barenberge in 1626.[9] In the following months, the Danish armies were forced to abandon their gains on Imperial soil and parts of Denmark herself, and retreated to the Danish isles while the Imperial army of Albrecht von Wallenstein subsequently occupied the North German plain.[9]

The Duchy of Pomerania, which included Wolgast, capitulated to the Empire at Franzburg in November 1627.[10] The Baltic Sea, however, remained under Danish control, due to the lack of an imperial navy.[10] The Emperor Ferdinand II gave Wallenstein the Duchy of Mecklenburg in January, and promoted him "General of the Oceanic and Baltic Seas" in April 1628.[11] Together with Spain, Wallenstein made plans for a Baltic imperial navy.[12] Denmark and Sweden reacted by concluding an alliance, also in April.[13] The Pomeranian port of Stralsund, some 70 kilometers west of Wolgast, refused to accept the Capitulation of Franzburg and with Danish and Swedish support successfully resisted Wallenstein's siege.[14] In addition to the support for Stralsund, Christian IV had resorted to a strategy of amphibious ambushes, using his naval superiority to make landfalls on Fehmarn and in Eckernförde, and destroying the naval facilities in Ålborg, Greifswald, and Wismar - all in imperial hands.[15]

Battle

Christian IV of Denmark-Norway with his navy. The painting by Vilhelm Marstrand depicts him at the Battle of Colberger Heide, 1644.

On 11 August,[2] Christian IV of Denmark-Norway with 7,000 troops[4] landed on Usedom, separated from the town of Wolgast by the Peenestrom sound, and occupied the island.[16] At the mouth of the sound, the Imperial occupation forces since February had constructed a sconce at Peenemünde, which was taken by Christian IV's troops.[nb 2][17]

On 14 August (O.S.)/24 August (N.S.),[nb 1] they took over Wolgast meeting no resistance.[16] After the Imperial garrison was expelled, Christian IV was met by an overwhelming support of the local population to turn Wolgast into a fortress like Stralsund.[2] Reinforcements were on their way from Sweden.[2]

Christian IV then awaited Wallenstein,[4] who withdrew from the siege of Stralsund and was heading east to face the Danish force.[11] The battlefield Christian had chosen was half a mile west of the town, secured by the coast and marshes.[2]

Christian IV had 5,000-6,000 troops on the battlefield, including 1,500 cavalry and some 400 Scots from the Donald Mackay regiment, and the infantry organized in six regiments.[3] Wallenstein advanced with a force of 7,000-8,000 troops, consisting of 33 infantry companies,[2] 20 cuirassier companies, and 11 guns.[3]

Wallenstein attacked on 22 August (O.S.)[5] / 2 September (N.S.).[6][nb 1] He wiped out the Danish flank, killing 1,000 of Christian IV's troops and capturing another 600.[2] Thereafter, he was able to retake the town,[5][6] where 500 Danish troops were now isolated from the main army and had no choice but to surrender.[2] Thereby, Wolgast with its residence of the Pomeranian dukes was badly burned and looted.[18] Only nightfall allowed for Christian IV and some of his troops to retreat and board their vessels.[4]

Aftermath

Albrecht von Wallenstein on horseback

Analysis

The battle was the last one between Christian IV and the Holy Roman Empire.[11] The defeat at Wolgast, ending the most ambitious operation of the Danish 1628 amphibious assault series,[13] was the decisive factor that led Christian IV to negotiate the Peace of Lübeck with Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.[19] On the other hand, Wallenstein also needed a peace: The campaigns of Christian IV succeeded to keep Imperial forces busy that were needed elsewhere, and with respect to Denmark, this was a major intent behind the assaults.[13] Furthermore, the Dano-Swedish alliance that took shape was a threat to Wallenstein's North German gains.[13]

After Albrecht von Wallenstein had lost much of his reputation in the Siege of Stralsund,[11][20] the victory at Wolgast postponed his dismissal.[21] Though Ferdinand II had Ramboldo, Count of Collalto, reduce Wallenstein's army, the passage about his dismissal was stricken out.[21]

Peace of Lübeck

Main article: Peace of Lübeck

The Peace of Lübeck then basically returned to Christian IV his pre-war possessions, while he had to pledge not to intervene in the empire again.[13]

Sweden invades Pomerania

Further information: Swedish Pomerania

In 1630, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden started the Swedish invasion of the Holy Roman Empire, landing on Usedom near Wolgast - in the same spot as Christian IV did before.[17] The Imperial defenders of Wolgast, in charge since the battle of 1628, were defeated on 7 August 1630 in the town, and on 25 August in the castle of Wolgast.[22] While his success was longer lasting, he would return to Wolgast on 15 July 1633 in a casket, when his body was embarked for the final transfer to Sweden.[23]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c In the 17th century, the Julian calendar was used in the region, which then was ten days late compared to the Gregorian calendar:
    Danish take-over: 14 August - Julian, 24 August - Gregorian;
    Imperial take-over: 22 August - Julian, 2 September - Gregorian.
  2. ^ The sconce would be taken by the Swedish landing forces in 1630, and thus is called Schwedenschanze- Swedish sconce. Sinnwell (2003), p.59

Sources

References

  1. ^ a b c d Findeisen (1998), p.474
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Guthrie (2002), p.143
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Guthrie (2002), p.144
  4. ^ a b c d Gebhardt (2001), p.229
  5. ^ a b c Döblin (2001), p.1017
  6. ^ a b c Bedürftig (1998), p.250
  7. ^ Beller (1928), p. 536.
  8. ^ Mackillop (2003), p.12
  9. ^ a b Press (1991), p.203
  10. ^ a b Langer (2003), p.402
  11. ^ a b c d Heckel (1983), p.143
  12. ^ Press (1991), pp.203-204
  13. ^ a b c d e Lockhart (2007), p.170
  14. ^ Press (1991), p.213
  15. ^ Lockhart (2007), p.169
  16. ^ a b Heitz (1995), p.219
  17. ^ a b Sinnwell (2003), p.59
  18. ^ Wartenberg (2008), p.31
  19. ^ Bedürftig (1998), p.138
  20. ^ Lee (2002), p.25
  21. ^ a b Albrecht (1998), p.688
  22. ^ Ehrle (1983), p.161
  23. ^ Findeisen (1998), p.367

Bibliography

  • Albrecht, Dieter (1998). Maximilian I. von Bayern 1573-1651 (in German). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 3-486-56334-3.
  • Bedürftig, Friedemann (1998). Taschenlexikon Dreissigjähriger Krieg (in German). Piper. ISBN 3-492-22668-X.
  • Beller, E. A. (October 1928). "The Military Expedition of Sir Charles Morgan to Germany, 1627-9". The English Historical Review. 43 (172): 528–539. doi:10.1093/ehr/xliii.clxxii.528.
  • Döblin, Alfred (2001). Kobel, Erwin (ed.). Wallenstein (in German). Walter. ISBN 3-530-16714-2.
  • Ehrle, Peter Michael; Greflinger, Georg (1983). Der Deutschen Dreyssig-Jähriger Krieg 1657. Kommentiert und mit einem Nachwort von Peter Michael Ehrle (in German). Wilhelm Fink. ISBN 3-7705-2126-9.
  • Findeisen, Jörg-Peter (1998). Der Dreissigjährige Krieg: eine Epoche in Lebensbildern (in German). Styria. ISBN 3-222-12643-7.
  • Gebhardt, Bruno; Häfele, Rolf, eds. (2001). Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte (in German) (10 ed.). Klett-Cotta.
  • Guthrie, William P. (2002). Battles of the Thirty Years War: from White Mountain to Nordlingen, 1618-1635. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-32028-4. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
  • Heitz, Gerhard; Rischer, Henning (1995). Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (in German). Münster-Berlin: Koehler&Amelang. ISBN 3-7338-0195-4.
  • Heckel, Martin (1983). Deutschland im konfessionellen Zeitalter (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-33483-4.
  • Langer, Herbert (2003). "Die Anfänge des Garnisionswesens in Pommern". In Asmus, Ivo; Droste, Heiko; Olesen, Jens E. (eds.). Gemeinsame Bekannte: Schweden und Deutschland in der Frühen Neuzeit (in German). Berlin-Hamburg-Münster: LIT Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-7150-9.
  • Lee, Stephen J (2002). The Thirty Years War. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-26862-1. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  • Lockhart, Paul Douglas (2007). Denmark, 1513-1660: the rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927121-4. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
  • Mackillop, Andrew; Murdoch, Steve (2003). Military governors and imperial frontiers c. 1600-1800: A study of Scotland and empires. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-12970-7. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  • Press, Volker (1991). Kriege und Krisen: Deutschland 1600-1715 (in German). C.H.Beck. ISBN 3-406-30817-1.
  • Sinnwell, Armin; Riedel, Glenn, eds. (2003). Bertelsmann, der grosse Deutschland-Atlas (in German). Lexikoninstitut Bertelsmann (Gütersloh), Wissen Media Verlag (Ostfildern). ISBN 3-577-13531-X.
  • Wartenberg, Heiko (2008). Archivführer zur Geschichte Pommerns bis 1945 (in German). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 978-3-486-58540-7.

54°03′0″N 13°46′0″E / 54.05000°N 13.76667°E / 54.05000; 13.76667

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