Bolognese dialect

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Bolognese
bulgnaiṡ
Pronunciation	[bul̪ˈɲai̯z̺]
Native to	Italy
Language family	Indo-European Italic Latino-Faliscan Romance Italo-Western Western Romance Gallo-Romance Gallo-Italic Emilian–Romagnol Emilian Bolognese
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	bolo1260
IETF	egl-u-sd-itbo

Bolognese (native name: bulgnaiṡ, Emilian: [bul̪ˈɲai̯z̺]) is a dialect of Emilian spoken in the most part in the city of Bologna and its hinterland (except east of the Sillaro stream), but also in the district of Castelfranco Emilia in the province of Modena, and in the towns of Sambuca Pistoiese (Tuscany), Cento, Sant'Agostino, and Poggio Renatico (province of Ferrara).

Although the term dialect is commonly used in reference to all minority languages native to Italy, most of them are not mutually intelligible with Italian.^[1] Bolognese is no exception and so is an Emilian dialect, not an Italian one.

Bolognese is a dialect of Emilian, one of the Gallo-Italic languages of the Romance family. It shares many common features with other Gallo-Italic languages such as Piedmontese, Lombard, Venetian, Romagnol and Ligurian, and it is closer to them than to Italian.

Bolognese evolved a group of Gallo-Romance languages sharing features with neighbouring northern Italian languages. It developed more distinctly into the Middle Ages as a dialect of the Emilian language. During the High Middle Ages, a number of troubadours composing lyrical poetry were active in Bologna, especially during the 13th century. That served to raise cultural awareness to the possibility of composing songs, poems and other works in vernacular languages. One of the first references to Bolognese as a distinct language was made by Dante Alighieri, in his De vulgari eloquentia, written in the beginning of the 14th century.

During the boom of interest in linguistic diversity during the 19th century, a number of efforts were made to create vocabularies, grammars, and collections of axioms, folk tales, and literature. The first dictionary was compiled in 1901 by Gaspare Ungarelli, who also attempted to create a writing system using the Italian alphabet. A period of stigmatisation followed in the 20th century, where children were punished for speaking the dialect in school,^{[citation needed]} as it was considered to be a sign of poor education and etiquette.^{[citation needed]}

In 1964, Alberto Menarini proposed an alphabet with many of the same letters still used. In recent times, Bolognese has enjoyed a period of rebirth with some words, such as umarell, derived from Bolognese umarèl, becoming popular beyond Bologna itself.^[2]

Here are some prominent features of Bolognese phonology:^[3]

• centralized vowels [ɐ], [e̠], [ɛ̠], [i̠], [o̟], [ɔ̟], [ʌ̟] and [u̟] rather than /a/, /e/, /ɛ/, /i/, /o/, /ɔ/, /ʌ/ or /u/
• phonemic distinction between short vowels and corresponding long vowels/diphthongs
• nucleus vowel and coda consonant length having an inverse relationship
• realisation of labio–alveolar consonants
• syncopation resulting in complex consonant clusters
• frequent slacking of word-final voiceless obstruents
• more exaggerated intonation than in Italian^{[citation needed]}

The phonemes of Bolognese are realized phonetically very differently depending on the area in or around Bologna. Much free variation occurs in words from complex phonological processes.

Bolognese has 25 consonant phonemes:

Consonant phonemes of Bolognese

	Bilabial	Labio- dental	Dental	Alveolar	Labio- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labio- velar
Nasal	m			n		ɲ	ŋ	ŋʷ
Plosive	p b		t d				k ɡ	kʷ ɡʷ
Affricate					ts dz
Fricative		f v	θ ð		s z
Approximant				l		j		w
Trill				r

Letter	Name	IPA	Example
a - à	a cûrta	/a/	lażż, casàtt
a - e	a dabbla - e dabbla	/ǝ/	schéṅna - métter
â	a lónga	/aː/	pajâz, râta
å	a srè	/ʌ/	Bulåggna, bån, tåurta
ä	e dimónndi avêrta e cûrta	/æ/	bän
e - é	e srè	/e/	economî - pén
è	e avêrta lónga	/ɛː/	lèder, mèder
ê	e lónga	/eː/	ṡvêlt, mêder, mêter
i - í	i	/i/	dṡvilópp - chíllo
î	i lónga	/iː/	Flîṡ, lîber
ò	o avêrta	/ɔ/ - /ɔ:/	inbariagòt, còl, tòr
o - ó	o srè	/o/	mói, tóff
ô	o lónga	/o:/	fiôl, fiôl, nôv, côl, tôr
u	u	/u/	sugabått, carbúrro
û	u lónga	/uː/	balûṡ, ligûr

• On monosyllabic words, accents are not marked if a word ends in a consonant: can, sacc. However, it is marked if it ends in a vowel pà, rà.
• The vowel å and ä are always stressed including the diphthong åu and ai (or ou and äi in the countryside). If another vowel is accented alongside ai, then the diphthong ai is not stressed, for example: maicàtt. This rule doesn't apply on compound words such as såuranómm where the stress falls on ó.
• The vowel í and ú are only used for loanwords to indicate stressed short i and u. For example: chíllo, carbúrro

Letter	Name	IPA	Example
c (1) - ch (2) - ch' - cc	c dûra	/k/	sâc - chi - ch'as - sàcc
c (2) - c' - cc' (3)	c dåulz	/ts/	vèc' - uràcc', inbac'lèr
g (1) - gh (2) - g - gg	g dûra	/g/	grand, brèg, dégg
g (2) - g' - gg' (3)	g dåulza	/dz/	giósst - curâg' - dågg'
gn	gn dåulza	/ɲ/	sgnåur, Raggn
gl	gl dåulza	/ʎ/	ṡbaglièr, Emégglia
n	n	/n/	anâdra, månnd, mand
n	n vlèr	/ŋ/	canvèr
ṅ (ṅn)	n vlèr	/ŋ/	culéṅna
s	s såurda	/s/	sôrbel
ṡ	s sunôra	/z/	cûṡer
z	z såurda	/θ/	aziån, znèr
ż	z sunôra	/ð/	żûg, żnèr
j	j	/j/	tâja, tajja
s-c		/sk/	s-ciavvd
s-g		/sg/	s-giazèr
g-li		/g.li/	neg-ligiänt

(1) Followed by a,o,u
(2) Followed by i, e
(3) End of a word after a stressed vowel

• The letter n represents /n/. However, after a stressed vowel, /n/ is lengthened. n represents ŋ after unstressed vowel and before consonants (including n however, in this case it's represented ṅn orthographically).
• The letter q is only used in the beginning of words. Therefore, it's written quâter but âcua.
• Short vowels are always followed by a long consonant, and vice versa. For example: sacc and sâc, méll and mêl, córr and côr. This rule doesn't apply on compound words such as peppacûl.
• In some words, /ts/ and /dz/ can be written as ts/ds and dṡ thus reflecting its etymology and pronunciation. For example: tstón = c'tón, dscårrer = c'cårrer, dṡdétta = g'détta
• Palatization of l and n frequently occurs before the pronoun i and on articles such as äli ôv, däli ôv. Example: al i à détt ch'a n i vâg pió is pronounced /aʎ.ʎi.adˈdetː ˈkaɲ.ɲi ˈvaːg ˈpjo/
• The dropping of the last vowel in a word is indicated with an apostrophe. For example: ch'al séppa, s'a l savêva, l'ôca, lî l'é (apocopic forms of che, se, la, la). However if the vowel is located at the beginning of a word, it is generally unmarked. For example: d avréll, l èṡen, ló l é, csa vût (syncopic forms of ed, al, al).

Bolognese distinguishes two genders, masculine and feminine, and two numbers, single and plural. In most nouns, the suffix -a is added to the masculine word to indicate femininity: defizänt, defizänta; påndg, påndga.

The formation of Bolognese plurals is complicated. Unlike Italian, inflection usually happens not by adding suffixes but rather by apophony:

• å → ó: biånnd, "blond", biónnd, "blonds"
• ô → û: żnôc', "knee", żnûc', "knees"

However, when words that end with -èl or -ôl are pluralised, the -èl or -ôl is changed to -î and -û respectively: martèl, "hammer", martî, "hammers"; fiôl, "son", fiû "sons". There are some exceptions to that rule, such as nurmèl, "normal", which is unchanged when made plural, and some others, such as sàntel, "godfather", which are unchanged when made plural because words are not truncated, that is, with a stress that does not fall on è or ô.

Masculine words that end in a consonant are unchanged when made plural and so the number can be identified only by the preceding article: al râm, "the branch", i râm, "the branches". In addition, pluralised feminine words that are not constructed from a masculine word do not have an -a: la rôda, "the wheel", äl rôd, "the wheels". The plurals of feminine words constructed from masculine words are formed by using an -i instead of an -a: biånnda, "blonde", biånndi, "blondes"; ziéṅna "aunt", ziéṅni, "aunts".

Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine	Meaning
-én	-éṅna	cinén	cinéṅna	piccolo
-ån	-åṅna	padrån	padråṅna	padrone
-ói	-ójja	mói	mójja	bagnato
-an	-èna	san	sèna	sano
C+el	C+la	dàbbel	dabbla	debole
C+en	C+na	intêren	intêrna	interno
C+er	C+ra	naigher	naigra	nero
c'	cia	vèc'	vècia	vecchio

Exception: bån, bôna

Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Notes
-än-	-én-	al dänt	i dént
-àtt	-étt	al casàtt	i casétt
-ai-	-î-	al vaider	i vîder
-å-	-ó-	al limån	i limón
-åu-	-û-	al fiåur	i fiûr
-ôl	-û	al fiôl	i fiû
-èl	-î	al canèl	i canî	From Vulgar Latin -ello.
-èl		al canèl	i canèl	From Vulgar Latin -ale.
Ending in vowels		al dócca	i dócca	Invariable
		al cínno	i cínno
		al comunéssta	i comunéssta
Other cases		al gât	i gât	Invariable
		al can	i can
		al zîl	i zîl

Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Notes
Ends in a	Drops a	la scrâna	äl scrân
		la vâca	äl vâc
Ends in a	Ends in i	la gâta	äl gâti	Feminine noun derived from masculine noun
		la comunéssta	äl comunéssti
Other cases		la våuṡ	äl våuṡ	Invariable
		la pû	äl pû

Adjective become the feminine form by adding -a to masculine, therefore they form plural similar to feminine nouns derived from masculine nouns.

• Singular: un gât grand (masculine), una gâta granda (feminine)
• Plural: dû gât grand (masculine), dåu gâti grandi (feminine)
• Singular: un ragâz bèl (masculine), una ragâza bèla (feminine)
• Plural: dû ragâz bî (masculine), dåu ragâzi bèli (feminine)

Masculine		Feminine
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
sutîl	sutîla	sutîl	sutîli
difézzil	difézzil	difézzil	difézzili
uriginèl	uriginèl	uriginèl	uriginèl(i)

Pronoun		Definite	Indefinite
singular	masculine	al/l	un
	feminine	la/l'	(u)na
plural	masculine	i	di
	feminine	äl(i)	däl(i)

Orthographic rules

Article		Before consonant	Before vowel
definite	masculine	al fiåur, al studänt	l òmen, l ân
	feminine	la tuṡatta, la cà	l'åura, l'ôca
indefinite	masculine	un fiåur, un studänt	un òmen, un ân
	feminine	una tuṡatta, una cà	un'åura, un'ôca
plural	masculine	i fiûr, i studént	i òmen, i ân
	feminine	äl tuṡatt, äl cà	äli åur, äli ôc

Combination with preposition

Preposition	al	l	la	l'	i	äl	äli
ed	dal	dl	dla	dl'	di	däl	däli
a	al	al	ala	al'	ai	al	ali
da	dal	dal	dala	dal'	dai	dal	dali
par	pr al	par l	par la	par l'	pr i	pr äl	pr äli
con	con al	con l	con la	con l'	con i	col	coli
int	int al	int l	int la	int l'	int i	int äl	int äli

Personal Pronoun

Number		Nominative	Verbal Noun	Interrogative suffix	Dative	Con +	Possessive Adjective
singular	1	mé	a(i)	ia	m	mîg	mî
	2	té	(e)t	(e)t	t	tîg	tô, tô, tû, tåu
	3.m	ló	al/l	(e)l	s	sîg	sô, sô, sû, såu
	3.f	lî	la/l'	la		sig
plural	1	nuèter	a(i)	ia	s	nòsc	nòster, nòstra, nûster, nòstri
	2	vuèter	a(i)	v	v	vòsc	vòster, vòstra, vûster, vòstri
	3.m	låur	i	(n)i	s	sîg	sô, sô, sû, såu
	3.f		äl(i)

Demonstrative Pronoun and Adjective

Pronoun		Demonstrative		Adjective
		This	That	This	That
Singular	Masculine	quasst	quall	ste	cal
	Feminine	quassta	qualla	sta	cla
Plural	Masculine	quíssti	quî	sti	chi
	Feminine	quassti	qualli	stäl	cäl

To form the interrogative form, euphonic vowels on the verb must be removed including on -en endings. For 3rd and 1st person singular, final unstressed a must also be removed. For example: a dâg > dâghia, a mâgnen > mâgn-ni, l avêva > avêvel

Èser

Persåṅna	Fåurma afermatîva				Fåurma interugatîva
	Preṡänt	Inparfèt	Pasè luntàn	Futûr	Preṡänt	Inparfèt	Pasè luntàn	Futûr
Mé	a sån	ai êra	a fó	a srò	såggna?	êria?	fójja?	sròja?
Té	t î	t êr	t fóss	t srè	ît?	êret?	fósset?	srèt?
Ló	l é	l êra	al fó	al srà	êl?	êrel?	fóll?	srèl?
Lî	l'é	l'êra	la fó	la srà	êla?	êrla?	fólla?	srèla?
Nuèter	a sän	ai êren	a fónn	a srän	saggna?	êrgna?	fóggna?	sraggna?
Vuèter	a sî	ai êri	a fóssi	a srî	sîv?	êri?	fóssi?	srîv?
Låur	i én	i êren	i fónn	i sran	êni?	êrni?	fónni?	srèni?
	äli én	äli êren	äl fónn	äl sran

Persåṅna	Fåurma afermatîva				Fåurma interugatîva
	Congiuntîv			Condiziunèl	Condiziunèl
	Preṡänt		Pasè
Mé	ch'a séppa	sîa	ch'a fóss	a srêv	sréjja?
Té	che t sépp		che t fóss	t sréss	srésset?
Ló	ch'al séppa	sîa	ch'al fóss	al srêv	sréll?
Lî	che la séppa		che la fóss	la srêv	srélla?
Nuèter	ch'a saggna		ch'a fóssen	a srénn	sréggna?
Vuèter	ch'a siêdi		ch'a fóssi	a sréssi	sréssi?
Låur	ch'i séppen	sîen	ch'i fóssen	i srénn	srénni?
	ch'äl séppen		ch'äl fóssen	äl srénn

Gerund: esànd

Past participle: stè

Imperative: sît (2nd.sg), sièdi (2nd.pl)

Avair

Persåṅna	Fåurma afermatîva				Fåurma interugatîva
	Preṡänt	Inparfèt	Pasè luntàn	Futûr	Preṡänt	Inparfèt	Pasè luntàn	Futûr
Mé	ai ò	ai avêva	ai avé	ai arò	òjja?	avêvia?	avéjja?	aròja?
Té	t è	t avêv	t avéss	t arè	èt?	avêvet?	avésset?	arèt?
Ló	l à	l avêva	l avé	l arà	àl?	avêvel?	avéll?	arèl?
Lî	l'à	l'avêva	l'avé	l'arà	àla?	avêvla?	avélla?	arèla?
Nuèter	ai avän	ai avêven	ai avénn	ai arän	avaggna?	avêvgna?	avéggna?	araggna?
Vuèter	ai avî	ai avêvi	ai avéssi	ai arî	avîv?	avêviv?	avéssiv?	arîv?
Låur	i/äli an	i/äli avêven	i/äli avénn	i/äli aràn	ani?	avêvni?	avénni?	arèni?

Persåṅna	Fåurma afermatîva			Fåurma interugatîva
	Congiuntîv		Condiziunèl	Condiziunèl
	Preṡänt	Pasè
Mé	ch'ai èva	ch'ai avéss	ai arêv	aréjja?
Té	che t èv	che t avéss	t aréss	arésset?
Ló	ch'l èva	ch'l avéss	l arêv	aréll?
Lî	ch'l'èva	ch'l'avéss	l'arêv	arélla?
Nuèter	ch'ai avaggna	ch'ai avéssen	ai arénn	aréggna?
Vuèter	ch'ai avèdi	ch'ai avéssi	ai aréssi	aréssi?
Låur	ch'i/ch'äli èven	ch'i/ch'äli avéssen	i/äli arénn	arénni?

Gerund: avànd

Past participle: avó

Imperative: èvet (2nd.sg), avèdi (2nd.pl)

Mandèr

Persåṅna	Fåurma afermatîva				Fåurma interugatîva
	Preṡänt	Inparfèt	Pasè luntàn	Futûr	Preṡänt	Inparfèt	Pasè luntàn	Futûr
Mé	a mand	a mandèva	a mandé	a mandarò	mandia?	mandèvia?	mandéjja?	mandaròja?
Té	t mand	t mandèv	t mandéss	t mandarè	mandet?	mandèvet?	mandésset?	mandarèt?
Ló	al manda	al mandèva	al mandé	al mandarà	mandel?	mandèvel?	mandéll?	mandaràl?
Lî	la manda	la mandèva	la mandé	la mandarà	mandla?	mandèvla?	mandélla?	mandaràla?
Nuèter	a mandän	a mandèven	a mandénn	a mandarän	mandaggna?	mandèvgna?	mandéggna?	mandaraggna?
Vuèter	a mandè	a mandèvi	a mandéssi	a mandarî	mandèv	mandèviv	mandéssiv	mandarîv
Låur	i/äl manden	i/äl mandèven	i/äl mandénn	i/äl mandaràn	mandni	mandèvni	mandénni	mandarèni

Persåṅna	Fåurma afermatîva			Fåurma interugatîva
	Congiuntîv		Condiziunèl	Condiziunèl
	Preṡänt	Pasè
Mé	ch'a manda	ch'a mandéss	a mandarêv	mandaréjja?
Té	che t mand	che t mandéss	che t mandaréss	mandarésset?
Ló	ch'al manda	ch'al mandéss	al mandarêv	mandaréll?
Lî	che la manda	che la mandéss	la mandarêv	mandarélla?
Nuèter	ch'a mandaggna	ch'a mandéssen	a mandarénn	mandaréggna?
Vuèter	ch'a mandèdi	ch'a mandéssi	a mandaréssi	mandaréssiv?
Låur	ch'i/ch'äl manden	ch'i/ch'äl mandéssen	i/äl mandarénn	mandarénni?

Gerund: mandànd

Past participle: mandè

Imperative: manda (2nd.sg), mandè (2nd.pl)

Parair

Persåṅna	Fåurma afermatîva				Fåurma interugatîva
	Preṡänt	Inparfèt	Pasè luntàn	Futûr	Preṡänt	Inparfèt	Pasè luntàn	Futûr
Mé	a pèr	a parêva	a paré	a par-rò	pèria?	parêvia?	paréjja?	par-ròja?
Té	t pèr	t parêv	t paréss	t par-rè	pèret?	parêvet?	parésset?	par-rèt?
Ló	al pèr	al parêva	al paré	al par-rà	pèrel?	parêvel?	paréll?	par-ràl?
Lî	la pèr	la parêva	la paré	la par-rà	pèrla?	parêvla?	parélla?	par-ràla?
Nuèter	a parän	a parêven	a parénn	a par-rän	paraggna?	parêvgna?	paréggna?	par-raggna?
Vuèter	a parî	a parêvi	a paréssi	a par-rî	parîv?	parêviv?	paréssiv?	par-rîv?
Låur	i/äl pèren	i/äl parêven	i/äl parénn	i/äl par-ràn	pèrni?	parêvni	parénni	par-rènni?

Persåṅna	Fåurma afermatîva			Fåurma interugatîva
	Congiuntîv		Condiziunèl	Condiziunèl
	Preṡänt	Pasè
Mé	ch'a pèra	ch'a paréss	a parêv	paréjja?
Té	che t pèr	che t paréss	t paréss	parésset?
Ló	ch'al pèra	ch'al paréss	al parêv	paréll?
Lî	che la pèra	che la paréss	la parêv	parélla?
Nuèter	ch'a paraggna	ch'a paréssen	a parénn	paréggna?
Vuèter	ch'a parèdi	ch'a paréssi	a paréssi	paréssiv?
Låur	ch'i/ch'äl pèren	ch'i/ch'äl paréssen	i/äl parénn	parénni?

Gerund: parànd

Past participle: pèrs

Imperative: pèr (2nd.sg), parè (2nd.pl)

Adliżer

Persåṅna	Fåurma afermatîva				Fåurma interugatîva
	Preṡänt	Inparfèt	Pasè luntàn	Futûr	Preṡänt	Inparfèt	Pasè luntàn	Futûr
Mé	ai adliż	ai adliżêva	ai adliżé	ai adliżrò	adliżia?	adliżêvia?	adliżéjja?	adliżròja?
Té	t adliż	t adliżêv	t adliżéss	t adliżrè	adliżet?	adliżêvet?	adliżésset?	adliżrèt?
Ló	l adliż	l adliżêva	l adliżé	l adliżrà	adliżel?	adliżêvel?	adliżéll?	adliżràl?
Lî	l' adliż	l' adliżêva	l' adliżé	l' adliżrà	adliżla?	adliżêvla?	adliżélla?	adliżràla?
Nuèter	ai adliżän	ai adliżêven	ai adliżénn	ai adliżrän	adliżaggna?	adliżêvgna?	adliżéggnia?	adliżraggnia?
Vuèter	ai adliżî	ai adliżêvi	ai adliżéssi	ai adliżrî	adliżîv?	adliżêviv?	adliżéssiv?	adliżrîv?
Låur	i/äl adliżen	i/äl adliżêven	i/äl adliżénn	i/äl adliżràn	adliżni?	adliżêvni?	adliżénni?	adliżrèni?

Persåṅna	Fåurma afermatîva			Fåurma interugatîva
	Congiuntîv		Condiziunèl	Condiziunèl
	Preṡänt	Pasè
Mé	ch'ai adliża	ch'ai adliżéss	ai adliżrêv	adliżréjja?
Té	che t adliż	che t adliżéss	t adliżréss	adliżrésset?
Ló	ch'l adliża	ch'l adliżéss	l adliżrêv	adliżréll?
Lî	ch'l'adliża	ch'l'adliżéss	l'adliżrêv	adliżrélla?
Nuèter	ch'ai adliżaggna	ch'ai adliżéssen	ai adliżrénn	adliżréggna?
Vuèter	ch'ai adliżèdi	ch'ai adliżéssi	ai adliżréssi	adliżréssiv?
Låur	ch'i/ch'äli adliżen	ch'i/ch'äli adliżéssen	i/äli adliżrénn	adliżrénni?

Gerund: adliżànd

Past participle: adlît

Imperative: adliż (2nd.sg), adliżî (2nd.pl)

Finîr

Persåṅna	Fåurma afermatîva				Fåurma interugatîva
	Preṡänt	Inparfèt	Pasè luntàn	Futûr	Preṡänt	Inparfèt	Pasè luntàn	Futûr
Mé	a finéss	a finêva	a finé	a finirò	finéssia?	finêvia?	finéjja?	finiròja?
Té	t finéss	t finêv	t finéss	t finirè	finésset?	finêvet?	finésset?	finirèt?
Ló	al finéss	al finêva	al finé	al finirà	finéssel?	finêvel?	finéll?	finiràl?
Lî	la finéss	la finêva	la finé	la finirà	finéssela?	finêvla?	finélla?	finiràla?
Nuèter	a finän	a finêven	a finénn	a finirän	finaggna?	finêvgna?	finéggna?	finiraggna?
Vuèter	a finî	a finêvi	a finéssi	a finirî	finîv?	finêviv?	finéssiv?	finirîv?
Låur	i/äl finéssen	i/äl finêven	i/äl finénn	i/äl finiràn	finéssni?	finêvni?	finénni?	finirènni?

Persåṅna	Fåurma afermatîva			Fåurma interugatîva
	Congiuntîv		Condiziunèl	Condiziunèl
	Preṡänt	Pasè
Mé	ch'a finéssa	ch'a finéss	a finirêv	finiréjja?
Té	che t finéss	che t finéss	t finiréss	finirésset?
Ló	ch'al finéssa	ch'al finéss	al finirêv	finiréll?
Lî	che la finéssa	che la finéss	la finirêv	finirélla?
Nuèter	ch'a finaggna	ch'a finéssen	a finirénn	finiréggna?
Vuèter	ch'a finèdi	ch'a finéssi	a finiréssi	finiréssiv?
Låur	ch'i/ch'äl finessen	ch'i/ch'äl finéssen	i/äl finirénn	finirénni?

Gerund: finànd

Past participle: finé

Imperative: finéss (2nd.sg), finî (2nd.pl)

Cognugaziån dal vêrb magnèr

• a mâgn
• t mâgn
• al, la mâgna
• nuèter a magnän
• vuèter a magnè
• låur i mâgnen

Cognugaziån interugatîva dal vêrb magnèr

• mâgna?
• mâgnet?
• mâgnel? mâgnla?
• magnaggna?
• magnèv?
• mâgn-ni?

Persåṅna	-èr				-air				Tôr	-îr
	Andèr	Fèr	Dèr	Stèr	Savair	Vlair	Psair	Dvair		Dîr	Tgnîr	Vgnîr
Mé	a vâg	a fâg	a dâg	a stâg	a sò	a vói	a pos	a dèv	a tói	a dégg	a téggn	a véggn
Té	t và	t fè	t dè	t stà	t sè	t vû	t pû	t dèv	t tû	t dî	t tén	t vén
Ló/Lî	al/la và	al/la fà	al/la dà	al/la stà	al/la sà	al/la vôl	al/la pôl	al/la dèv	al/la tôl	al/la dîṡ	al/la tén	al/la vén
Nuèter	a andän	a fän	a dän	a stän	a savän	a vlän	a pulän	a dvän	a tulän	a dṡän
Vuèter	a andè	a fè	a dè	a stè	a savî	a vlî	a pulî	a dvî	a tulî	a dṡî
Låur	i/äl van	i/äl fan	i/äl dan	i/äl stan	i/äl san	i/äl vôlen	i/äl pôlen	i/äl dèv	i/äl tôlen	i/äl dîṡen

To construct a reflexive verb, the pronoun es is suffixed into the verb. For example the reflexive of guardèr is guardères or guardèrs.

Person	Atruvères
	Present	Imperative
Mé	ai m atrôv	atrôvem!
Té	et t atrôv	atrôvet!
Ló/Lî	al/la s atrôva	atrôves!
Nuèter	ai s atruvän	atruvans!
Vuèter	ai v atruvè	atruvèv!
Låur	i/äli s atrôven	atrôvens!

stare (conjugated) + verb (gerund) = èser (conjugated) + drî a + verb (infinitive)

• sta andando = l é drî a andèr
• sto ancora facendo = a sån anc drî a fèr

dovere (conjugated) + verb = avair (conjugated) + da + verb

• devi sapere = t è da savair
• devo lavorare = ai ò da lavurèr
• dovrei mangiare meno = ai arêv da magnèr manc

dovere (conjugated) + verb = dative pronoun + tuchèr (conjugated) + (e)d + verb

• devo lavorare di notte = a m tåcca ed lavurèr ala nòt
• non dovrà lavorare il doppio = an s tucarà d lavurèr al dåppi

pronoun + verb + da solo = pronoun + verb + da par + pronoun

• io mi difendo da solo = mé a m difànd da par mé
• tu vai al cinema da solo = té t và al cínnema da par té
• bisogna fare tutto da soli = biṡåggna fèr tótt da pr as

bän (bene), cómm (come), acsé (così), mèl (male), giósst (giusto), mé (meglio), insàmm (insieme), pîz (peggio)

incû (oggi), ajîr (ieri), dman (domani), adès (adesso), dåpp (dopo), bèle (già), mâi (mai), sänper (sempre), spass (spesso), sóbbit (subito), allåura (allora), anc (ancora), ed nôv (di nuovo)

là (là), qué (qui), dóvv (dove), såtta (sotto), såuvra (sopra), fòra (fuori), dänter (dentro), foravî / fòra d vî (altrove), dnanz (davanti), drî (dietro), luntàn (lontano),

tant (tanto), pôc (poco), magâra (molto), gnént (niente), manc (meno), pió (più), quant (quanto), quèṡi (quasi), almànc (almeno)

quand? (quando?), quant? (quanto?), cum? (come?), csa? (cosa?), quèl? (quale?), parché? (perché?), dóvv? (dove?)

chisà (chissà), fôrsi (forse), bèle / żà (già), se (se), an (non), nå / nécca (no), sé / ói (sì)

Zéffra	Cardinal / Cardnèl		Ordinal / Urdnèl
0	żèr - żêro		- an i é brîṡa -
1	ón (♂)	óṅna (♀)	prémm (♂)	prémma (♀)
2	dû (♂)	dåu (♀)	secånnd (♂)	secånnda (♀)
3	trî (♂)	trai (♀)	têrz (♂)	têrza (♀)
4	quâter		quèrt (♂)	quèrta (♀)
5	zénc(v)		quént (♂)	quénta (♀)
6	sî		sèst (♂)	sèsta (♀)
7	sèt		sètum (♂)	sètma (♀)
8	òt		utèv (♂)	utèva (♀)
9	nôv		nôn (♂)	nôna (♀)
10	dîṡ		dêzum (♂)	dêzma (♀)
11	ónng'		quall di ónng'
12	dågg'		quall di dågg'
13	tragg'		quall di tragg'
14	quatôrg'		quall di quatôrg'
15	quenng'		quall di quénng'
16	sagg'		quall di sagg'
17	darsèt		quall di darsèt
18	dṡdòt		quall di dṡdòt
19	dṡnôv		quall di dṡnôv
20	vént		quall di vént
21	ventión		quall di ventión
30	tränta		quall di tränta
50	zincuanta		quall di zincuanta
66	s-santsî		quall di s-santsî
100	zänt		quall di zänt
200	duṡänt		quall di duṡänt
739	setzänt-träntanôv		quall di setzänt-träntanôv
1000	méll		quall di méll
1.000.000	un migliån		quall dal migliån
1.000.000.000	un miglièrd		quall dal miglièrd

a n t al dâg = non te lo do

ch'an t véggna = che tu non venga

• Information about Bolognese verbs