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Bulldog Turner

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Bulldog Turner
refer to caption
Turner's 1948 Bowman Gum football card
No. 66
Position:Center
Linebacker
Personal information
Born:(1919-03-10)March 10, 1919
Plains, Texas, U.S.
Died:October 30, 1998(1998-10-30) (aged 79)
Gatesville, Texas, U.S.
Height:6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
Weight:237 lb (108 kg)
Career information
High school:Newman
(Sweetwater, Texas)
College:Hardin–Simmons (1937–1939)
NFL draft:1940 / round: 1 / pick: 7
Career history
As a player:
As a coach:
Career highlights and awards
Career NFL statistics
Games played:138
Games started:127
Interceptions:17
Interception yards:298
Fumble recoveries:5
Total touchdowns:4
Stats at Pro Football Reference
Head coaching record
Career:5–9 (.357)
Record at Pro Football Reference
Pro Football Hall of Fame
College Football Hall of Fame

Clyde Douglas "Bulldog" Turner (March 10, 1919 – October 30, 1998) was an American professional football player and coach in the National Football League (NFL). He was elected, as a player, to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1960 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1966. He was also selected in 1969 to the NFL 1940s All-Decade Team.

Turner played college football as a center at Hardin–Simmons University from 1937 to 1939 and was selected as a Little All-American in 1939. After being selected by the Chicago Bears in the first round of the 1940 NFL draft, he played professional football for the Bears, principally as a center on offense and linebacker on defense, for 13 years from 1940 to 1952. He was selected as a first-team All-Pro eight times (1940–1944, 1946–1948) and was a member of Bears teams that won NFL championships in 1940, 1941, 1943, and 1946.

After his playing career was over, Turner held assistant coaching positions with Baylor University (1953) and the Chicago Bears (1954–1957). He was the head coach of the New York Titans of the American Football League (AFL) during the 1962 AFL season.

Early life

Turner was born in Plains, Texas, in 1919,[1] the son of Willie Lloyd Turner (1895–1973) and Ida Fay (Rushing) Turner (1893–1984).[2] He attended Sweetwater High School in Sweetwater, Texas.[1] He played high school football for Sweetwater High at age 15 in 1934.[3]

College career

Turner enrolled at Hardin–Simmons University in Abilene, Texas, in 1936 at age 17. As a freshman, he weighed 172 pounds and "showed no outward signs of developing into a football player."[4] By the fall of his sophomore year, Turner had gained 18 pounds and won the job as the starting center on the Hardin–Simmons Cowboys football team.[4] By his senior year, he had increased his weight to 235 pounds.[4]

Early in his career at Hardin–Simmons, Turner and teammate A. J. Roy encouraged each other in practice sessions by referring to each other by nicknames. Turner was given the nickname "Bulldog", and Roy was known as "Tiger".[5] Turner later recalled his college experience as follows: "We got room, board and tuition, but we had to buy our own books and we were supposed to take care of two jobs. I had to sweep out the gym and wait tables, but I kind of farmed out the sweeping after a while. It was tough but I loved it. And the more I played, the more I liked the game."[3]

In September 1938, Turner first gained national attention when Associated Press photographer Jimmy Laughead, playing off Turner's strength and his background growing up in West Texas Hereford cattle country, took his picture posing with a 240-pound calf around his shoulders.[6][7][8] Turner later recalled posing with the calf: "That day about did me in. I don't think I've ever been so tired in my life."[3]

Turner played center for Hardin–Simmons for three years, and during that time, the football team compiled records of 8–0–1 in 1937, 8–2 in 1938, 7–1–1 in 1939.[9][10] At the end of the 1939 season, Turner was selected by the New York Sun as the first-team center on the 1939 College Football All-America Team.[11] He was also named to the Associated Press "Little All-America" team.[12] He played in post-season all-star games including the East–West Shrine Game on January 1, 1940, and the Chicago College All-Star Game on August 29, 1940.[13][4]

Professional playing career

In December 1939, Turner was selected by the Chicago Bears with the seventh overall pick in the first round of the 1940 NFL draft.[14][1] He was the only lineman selected in the first ten picks.[15] In June 1940, Turner signed a three-year contract with the Bears.[16]

While Turner was in college, he was the subject of recruitment efforts by George Richards, the owner of the Detroit Lions. An NFL investigation concluded that Richards had tampered with Turner by paying for Turner's dental work, giving him $100, and advising him to announce publicly that he would not play professional football so as to dissuade other teams from drafting him. The NFL fined the Lions $5,000 for the violation.[17]

As a rookie, Turner, at age 21, appeared in 11 games, nine of them as the starting center, for the 1940 Chicago Bears team that compiled an 8–3 record and defeated the Washington Redskins, 73–0, in the NFL Championship Game.[18] In the championship game, Turner intercepted a Sammy Baugh pass and returned it 29 yards for a touchdown.[19] At the end of the 1940 season, he was selected as a first-team All-Pro by the Chicago Herald-American and as a second-team All-Pro by the National Football League (NFL), United Press (UP), and International News Service (INS).[20] He was one of only two rookies (Don Looney was the other) to receive All-Pro honors in 1940.[21]

In 1941, Turner appeared in all 11 games, 10 as a starter, for the 1941 Bears that compiled a 10–1 and again won the NFL championship. Turner was selected as the All-Pro center, receiving first-team honors on the so-called "official" All-Pro team selected by a committee of professional football writers for the NFL,[22][23] as well as All-Pro teams selected by the Associated Press (AP),[24] UP,[25] Collyer's Eye (CE),[26] the New York Daily News (NYDN),[26] and the Chicago Herald American.[1] The consensus selection of Turner as the NFL's top center marked a transition from Mel Hein, who had been a consensus All-Pro at the position for the prior nine years.[27] Turner was a unanimous All-Pro pick by the UP sports writers.[28]

In 1942, Turner started all 11 games and helped the Bears win the NFL Western Division title with an 11–0 record, though the team lost to the Washington Redskins in the 1942 NFL Championship Game. Turner led the NFL with eight interceptions in 1942.[29] He scored two touchdowns, one on an interception return and the other on a fumble recovery and return. At the end of the 1942 season, Turner was selected as the first-team center on the All-Pro team by the NFL, AP, INS, and NYDN.[30] Jack Mahon of the INS wrote that Turner "was in a class by himself at center this season."[31] Though invited to play in the Pro Bowl, he was unable to do so due to a throat infection.[32]

In 1943, Turner started all 10 games and helped the Bears win their third NFL championship in four years. He was selected as a first-team All-Pro by the AP, UP, INS, NYDN, and Pro Football Illustrated (PFI).[33] He was a unanimous pick by the AP sports writers.[34]

In 1944, Turner appeared in all 10 games for the Bears team that compiled a 6–3–1 record and finished in second place in the NFL Western Division. On December 3, 1944, Turner was shifted into the backfield late in a game against Card-Pitt; he had a 48-yard run for the only rushing touchdown of his career.[35] He was selected as a first-team All-Pro by the AP, UP, INS, and NYDN.[36] In his first five seasons with the Bears, he appeared in 58 consecutive games, played all 60 minutes in eight of those games, and won three NFL championships.[37]

At United States Army Air Forces basic training, 1945

In January 1945, Turner was inducted into the United States Army Air Forces and was assigned as a physical training instructor.[37] In 1945, he played for the Second Air Force Superbombers football team in Colorado Springs, Colorado.[37] He was granted furlough to play two games for the Bears and then returned to the Superbombers team where he finished the 1945 football season.[38][39] At the end of the season, Turner was the leading pick on the All-Army Air Forces conference football team.[40]

In March 1946, Turner rejected offers to play in the All-America Football Conference and signed a contract to return to the Bears.[41] He appeared in all 11 games, and helped lead the 1946 Bears to another NFL championship. At the end of the season, Turner was selected as a first-team All-Pro by the AP, UP, and NYDN.[42]

In 1947, Turner appeared in all 12 games for a Bears team that compiled an 8–4 record and finished in second place in the NFL Western Division. During the 1947 season, Turner intercepted a Sammy Baugh pass and returned it 96 yards for a touchdown,[43] a moment that Turner later selected as the highlight of his career.[44] At the end of the season, he was picked as a first-team All-Pro by the AP, NYDN, and PFI.[45][46]

In 1948, Turner again appeared in all 12 games for the Bears team that compiled a 10–2 record and again finished in second place in the NFL Western Division. For the eighth and final time, Turner was selected as a first-team All-Pro center, receiving first-team honors from AP, UP, PFI, and The Sporting News.[47][48]

Turner continued to play for the Bears for four more years, appearing in all 12 games each year from 1949 to 1952.[1] In his final year, he played at the offensive tackle position.[1][49] In 13 NFL seasons, Turner appeared in 138 regular season games and seven post-season games. He intercepted 17 passes in the regular season and four more in five NFL championship games. He was selected as a first-team All-Pro in eight of his 13 seasons.[1]

Turner was big for his day (6 ft 1 in (1.85 m), 237 lb (108 kg)); however, he was smart and very fast. Turner later boasted about his talent as a blocker: "I was such a good blocker, that the men they put in front of me – and some were stars who were supposed to be making a lot of tackles – they would have their coaches saying, 'why ain't you making any tackles?' they'd say, 'that bum Turner is holding.' Well that wasn't true. . . . I could handle anybody that they'd put in front of me."[50] According to George Halas, Turner was "perhaps the smartest player" he had in 40 years as the Bears' coach, a player who "knew every assignment for every player on every player."[17] Teammate George Musso once said of Turner, "Who knows what kind of player he would have been if he ever got to rest during a game?"[51]

Coaching career

Assisting coaching

During the 1952 NFL season, Turner was both a player for the Bears and an assistant coach responsible for instructing the guards and centers.[52]

In January 1953, after retiring as a player, Turner was hired as an assistant line coach at Baylor University in Waco, Texas. He had a ranch in nearby Gatesville, and was responsible for coaching the offensive centers and defensive linebackers.[53] He resigned his post at Baylor in February 1954.[54]

Turner was an assistant coach for the Bears from 1954 to 1957.[55] He worked from the pressbox and communicated by telephone to George Halas about weaknesses he had observed in opponents' defenses.[56] He gave up his job with the Bears in 1958 to devote his full efforts to his ranch in Texas.[57]

New York Titans

In December 1961, Turner was hired as the head coach of the New York Titans of the American Football League.[58] Despite a pre-season injury to All-AFL fullback Bill Mathis, whose 846 rushing yards was second best in the 1961 AFL season, the Titans opened the season with a 2–1 record.[59] However, owner Harry Wismer was broke and unable to pay the players, who refused to practice and went on a two-day strike. Wismer threatened to put the entire team on waivers, and his erratic behavior, including hastily placing six starters on waivers after a loss and threatening to sue the Denver Broncos after quarterback Lee Grosscup was injured on a hard tackle, caused the Titans to be described as "the kookiest franchise in professional football."[60] Even with financial assistance from other AFL clubs, the Titans' payroll deficiencies continued, and Turner had to expend energy just enticing his team to suit up.[61] The team drew only 36,161 spectators to seven home games and finished with a 5–9 record.[62] The team was sold in March 1963 and became the New York Jets. Turner was fired that same month.[63]

Honors

Turner received numerous honors for his accomplishments as a football player. His honors include the following:

Family and later years

Turner was married twice. His first wife was Helen W. Turner with whom he had a daughter, Patricia. He was later married to Gladys Webber (1925–1988) on July 4, 1948.[76]

In 1950, Turner purchased a 1,200-acre ranch in Pidcoke, Coryell County, Texas, for $54,000.[55][77] He moved from Chicago to the ranch on a full-time basis in April 1958.[55]

After spending 1962 in New York as coach of the New York Titans, he returned to his ranch and began racing horses.[78] In 1965, he purchased a second ranch in New Mexico to pursue his interest in breeding horses. He also raced his horses at Sunland Park and Ruidoso Downs in New Mexico.[79][80]

In the 1970s, Turner moved to Omaha, Nebraska, where he took a job as a manager for Interstate Steel Co. In 1974, while on a business trip to Chicago, he suffered a stroke at age 55.[81][82] In the 1980s, Turner developed further health problems, including diabetes, cancer, and heart disease requiring installation of a pacemaker. His wife, Gladys, also contracted lung cancer, and the couple lived in a house trailer on their Texas ranch.[51] Suffering financial troubles, he qualified in 1987 for an NFL pension of $780 per month.[51]

His wife died in October 1988 after 40 years of marriage.[83] In his later years, Turner also suffered from emphysema, and in March 1998, he was diagnosed with lung cancer. He died at age 79 at his ranch near Gatesville, Texas.[84][85] He was buried in Greenbriar Cemetery in Gatesville.

Head coaching record

NFL

Team Year Regular Season Post Season
Won Lost Ties Win % Finish Won Lost Win % Result
NYJ 1962 5 9 0 .357 4th in AFL East - - -
Total 5 9 0 .357

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Bulldog Turner Stats". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
  2. ^ "Celebrate 50th Anniversary". The Gatesville (TX) Messenger and Star-Forum. March 10, 1957. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.
  3. ^ a b c "The Dry Days of "Bulldog" Turner". The Gatesville Messenger. January 24, 1985. p. 1B – via Newspapers.com.
  4. ^ a b c d "Bulldog Turner an All-Star of the All-Stars". Chicago Tribune. August 24, 1940. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ Murray Olderman (September 30, 1974). "'Bulldog' Turner beats Clyde". Dixon (IL) Evening Telegraph. p. 10.
  6. ^ "Associated Press Picture News". Corvallis (OR) Daily Gazette-Times. September 19, 1938. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ^ "Grid Training". Wilmington (DE) Morning News. September 16, 1938. p. 29 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ^ "Let's Study Case of Bulldog Turner, HSU Center". Abilene (TX) Reporter-News. July 1, 1939. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ "2011 Hardin–Simmons Football Media Guide". Hardins–Simmons University. 2011. pp. 83, 88.
  10. ^ Bulldog Turner at the College Football Hall of Fame
  11. ^ "McAfee of Duke Rated Best Back in N.Y. Sun Pick: Turner of Hardin–Simmons Considered 'One of Great All-Time Centers'". The Daily Argus-Leader. December 2, 1939. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ^ "Loughney Is Selected On All Star Team". Times-Leader(Wilkes-Barre, PA). December 7, 1939. p. 26 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ^ "All-America Turner Back From East-West Classic". Abilene Reporter-News. January 9, 1940. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ^ "1940 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  15. ^ "Turner Only Lineman Among First Ten Gridders Drafted By National League". Abilene Reporter-News. December 10, 1939. p. 11 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ^ "Bears Sign Star: Bulldog Turner Given Three-Year Grid Contract". The Tennessean. June 23, 1940. p. 35 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^ a b "Lions Tampered With Bulldog Turner". The Corpus Christi Caller-Times. September 12, 1975. p. 20 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ^ "1940 Chicago Bears Statistics & Players". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
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  20. ^ "1940 NFL All-Pros". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
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  22. ^ "All-National Pro Stars". The Times Herald (Port Huron, MI). December 30, 1941. p. 11.
  23. ^ "Four ChiBears Named On All-Pro Loop Team". The Times Herald (Port Huron, MI). December 30, 1941. p. 11.
  24. ^ Dillon Graham (December 9, 1940). "4 Bears Chosen on All-Loop Pro Team". Ironwood (MI) Daily Globe. p. 10.
  25. ^ George Kirksey (December 12, 1941). "Bears, Packers Top All-Star Pro Gridders". Arizona Republic. p. 21.
  26. ^ a b "1941 NFL All-Pros". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
  27. ^ "Chicago Bears Place Four on All-Pro League Team". Los Angeles Times. December 9, 1941. p. 27 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ^ "Bears, Packers Dominate Star Pro Team". The News-Herald. December 30, 1941. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. ^ "Bulldog Turner Top Pass Interceptor". The Abilene (TX) Reporter-News. February 19, 1943. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. ^ "1942 NFL All-Pros". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  31. ^ "Chicago Bears place five on all national pro loop team". Lincoln Sunday Journal and Star. December 6, 1942. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. ^ "Bulldog Turner Not To Play In Pro Bowl Tilt". Abilene (TX) Reporter-News. December 23, 1942. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
  33. ^ "1943 NFL All-Pros". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  34. ^ "Baugh, Turner and Hutson – 3 Unanimous on All-Pro". Abilene (TX) Reporter-News. December 17, 1943. p. 19 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. ^ "Bears Trample Over Steelers, 49–7". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. December 4, 1944. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com.
  36. ^ "1944 NFL All-Pros". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  37. ^ a b c "Chicago Bears' Bulldog Turner slated to play with Superbomber eleven here". The Nebraska State Journal. July 29, 1945. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
  38. ^ "Turner leads Bomber line". Lincoln Journal. November 7, 1945. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
  39. ^ "Bulldog Turner Joins Bears for Game in Detroit Sunday". Chicago Tribune. October 25, 1945. p. 30 – via Newspapers.com.
  40. ^ "'Bulldog' Turner on Air Force All-Stars". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. January 4, 1946. p. 20 – via Newspapers.com.
  41. ^ "Bulldog Turner Back With Bears". The Evening News, Harrisburg, PA. March 26, 1946. p. 18 – via Newspapers.com.
  42. ^ "1946 NFL All-Pros". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  43. ^ "Bears Rout Redskins: Bears Trample Redskins, 56-20". Chicago Tribune. October 27, 1947. pp. 4–1 – via Newspapers.com.
  44. ^ "Where Is He Now: Clyde (Bulldog) Turner – Two Way Performer". Asheville (NC) Citizen-Times. December 16, 1983. p. 86 – via Newspapers.com.
  45. ^ "1947 NFL All-Pros". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  46. ^ Frank Eck (December 13, 1947). "Bulldog Turner Picked on All-Professional Grid Team". Abilene (TX) Reporter-News. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  47. ^ "1948 NFL All-Pros". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  48. ^ "Bulldog Turner All-League Again". Abilene (TX) Reporter-News. November 10, 1948. p. 4.
  49. ^ "Bulldog Turner Retires, Takes Post at Baylor U." Wilmington (DE) Morning News. January 14, 1953. p. 33 – via Newspapers.com.
  50. ^ "Clyde Turner Bio". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  51. ^ a b c "Ill-fated Turner still a Bulldog". Chicago Tribune. June 7, 1987. pp. 3–1, 3–10 – via Newspapers.com.
  52. ^ "Bulldog Turner Decides On One More Farewell". Chicago Tribune. July 10, 1952. p. 53 – via Newspapers.com.
  53. ^ "Bulldog Turner Joins Staff: Jack Russell Is Named New Baylor Line Coach". The Waco News-Tribune. January 15, 1953. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
  54. ^ "Bulldog Turner Quits at Baylor". Abilene Reporter-News. February 9, 1954. p. 30 – via Newspapers.com.
  55. ^ a b c "Turner Tabbed for Niche In Football Hall of Fame (part 2)". The Gatesville (TX) Messenger and Star-Forum. October 7, 1960. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
  56. ^ "From the Cuff". The Gatesville Messenger and Star-Forum. November 11, 1955. p. 14 – via Newspapers.com.
  57. ^ "POST-ed". The Gatesville Messenger and Star-Forum. July 25, 1958. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com.
  58. ^ "Bulldog Turner is new Titans coach". Lawrence Journal World. Kansas. Associated Press. December 19, 1961. p. 14.
  59. ^ "Titans Open At Home Vs. Denver Broncs". The Arizona Republic. September 29, 1962. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com.
  60. ^ "Titans Really Something: Harry Wismer Mastermind of Kookiest Team in Pro Football". Sandusky Register. Newspaper Enterprise Association. October 31, 1962. p. 8B – via Newspapers.com.
  61. ^ Goldstein, Richard (November 2, 1998). "Bulldog Turner, 79, a Star For Bears and Hall of Famer". New York Times. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
  62. ^ "1962 New York Titans Statistics & Players". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
  63. ^ "Turner is fired as Titan skipper". Lawrence Journal World. Kansas. Associated Press. March 27, 1963. p. 14.
  64. ^ "Turner Is Named To Hall of Fame". The Abilene Reporter-News. October 21, 1951. p. 4D – via Newspapers.com.
  65. ^ "'40 Gridders Could Make It Now". The Progress-Index (VA). June 22, 1968. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
  66. ^ "Putting Around". The Amarillo (TX) Globe-Times. October 28, 1964. p. 32 – via Newspapers.com.
  67. ^ "Turner Tabbed for Niche In Football Hall of Fame". The Gatesville (TX) Messenger and Star-Forum. October 7, 1960. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  68. ^ "Turner Is Tapped For Hall of Fame". The Gatesville (TX) Messenger and Star-Forum. December 8, 1961. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  69. ^ "Bulldog Turner To Hall of Fame". The Salina Journal. March 23, 1966. p. 14 – via Newspapers.com.
  70. ^ "Canadeo, Brock, Ray on All-'40s". Green Bay Press-Gazette. August 26, 1969. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com.
  71. ^ "POST-ed". The Gatesville (TX) Messenger and Star-Forum. July 11, 1969. p. 19 – via Newspapers.com.
  72. ^ "Texas All-Pro team would be contender". Great Falls (MT) Tribune. November 12, 1975. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com.
  73. ^ "Clyde "Bulldog" Turner". Hardin-Simmons University. Archived from the original on September 21, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
  74. ^ "Athletic Hall of Fame Inductees". Hardin-Simmons University. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
  75. ^ "50 Greatest Bears: Bulldog Turner". ESPN.com. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
  76. ^ "Mrs. Gladys W. Turner". The Gatesville Messenger. November 3, 1988. p. 10C – via Newspapers.com.
  77. ^ "This was News – 10, 20 Years Ago". The Gatesville (TX) Messenger and Star-Forum. August 19, 1960. p. 15 – via Newspapers.com.
  78. ^ "Turner's Horse Wins First Race". The Gatesville (TX) Messenger and Star-Forum. June 12, 1964. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
  79. ^ "POST-ed". The Gatesville (TX) Messenger and Star-Forum. March 26, 1965. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.
  80. ^ "POST-ed". The Gatesville (TX) Messenger and Star-Forum. March 4, 1966. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.
  81. ^ "H-SU Great Has Stroke". Abilene Reporter-News. August 30, 1974. p. 58 – via Newspapers.com.
  82. ^ "Ex-"Monster" Has Stroke In Chicago". El Paso Herald-Post. September 13, 1974. p. 26 – via Newspapers.com.
  83. ^ "Gladys Turner, wife of former Bears great". Chicago Tribune. October 27, 1988. pp. 3–23 – via Newspapers.com.
  84. ^ "Bulldog Turner, star on Bears of '40s, dies: Center-linebacker earned 4 title rings (part 1)". Chicago Tribune. October 31, 1998. pp. 3–1 – via Newspapers.com.
  85. ^ "Bulldog Turner, star on Bears of '40s, dies: Center-linebacker earned 4 title rings (part 2)". Chicago Tribune. October 31, 1998. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
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