Group of Nine

Group of Nine
Group of Nine
	Group of Nine countries
Membership	Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Denmark; Finland; Hungary; Netherlands; Romania; Sweden; Yugoslavia;
Establishment	1965
Area
• Total	1,644,475 km2 (634,935 sq mi)

The Group of Nine (G9) was an alliance of European states that met occasionally to discuss matters of mutual pan-European interest.^[1] The alliance formed in 1965, when the nine countries presented a case study at the United Nations.^[2] They co-sponsored Resolution 2129 promoting East-West cooperation in Europe, unanimously adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in December 1965.^[3]^[4] The alliance became the Group of Ten when the Netherlands joined by parliamentary decision in 1967.^[5]^[6]^[7] Following the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia,^[8] the group attempted to reconcile its differences at a meeting held at the United Nations in October 1969, but failed and subsequently dissolved.^[9]^[10] All member states, with the exception of the dissolved Yugoslavia, are now part of the European Union.

Members

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Denmark

Finland

Hungary

Netherlands

Romania

Sweden

Yugoslavia^[11]^[12]

References

^ Laux, Jeanne Kirk (1972). "Small States and Inter-European Relations: An Analysis of the Group of Nine". Journal of Peace Research. 9 (2). SAGE Publications: 147–160. doi:10.1177/002234337200900204. ISSN 0022-3433. S2CID 143059477.
^ Weiner, R. (1984). Romanian Foreign Policy and the United Nations. Praeger scientific. Praeger. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-03-071594-5. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
^ Makko, A. (2016). Ambassadors of Realpolitik: Sweden, the CSCE and the Cold War. Contemporary European History. Berghahn Books. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-78533-285-2. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
^ Staff Memorandum on United States Investment of Military Assistance Funds in Military Installations Located in France. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1967. p. 6-PA28. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
^ Voorhoeve, J.J.C. (1979). Peace, Profits and Principles :: A Study of Dutch Foreign Policy. Springer Netherlands. p. 133. ISBN 978-90-247-2203-7. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
^ "The idea of a pan-European security conference". CVCE.EU by UNI.LU. 21 December 2005. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
^ Palmer, M. (1971). The Prospects for a European Security Conference. Chatham House, P.E.P. European Series. Chatham House:PEP. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-85374-037-7. Retrieved 6 May 2021. The Group of Nine / Ten met several times to explore initiatives that could be taken to achieve a greater degree of European détente. ... held at the U.N. in October 1969, the experiment of the Group of Ten appeared to have come to an end, at least for the time being . ... over the course of 1966 were Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Rumania, Sweden, and Yugoslavia.
^ Conference on European Security: Hearings, Ninety-second Congress, Second Session. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1972. p. 2. Retrieved 6 May 2021. Invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact countries disrupts efforts of Group of Ten for CES planning.
^ Due-Nielsen, C.; Petersen, N. (1995). Adaptation and Activism: The Foreign Policy of Denmark, 1967–1993. Dansk udenrigspolitisk institut. p. 136. ISBN 978-87-574-3022-6. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
^ Leatherman, J. (2003). From Cold War to Democratic Peace: Third Parties, Peaceful Change, and the OSCE. Syracuse Studies on Peace and Conflict Resolution. Syracuse University Press. p. 72 ff. ISBN 978-0-8156-3032-6. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
^ "The World Factbook 1991". United States Central Intelligence Agency. 1991. Retrieved September 26, 2009.
^ "The World Factbook 1998". United States Central Intelligence Agency. 1998. Retrieved September 26, 2009. Serbia and Montenegro has self-proclaimed itself the "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia," but the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its continuation

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[Laux_1972_pp._147–160-1] Laux, Jeanne Kirk (1972). "Small States and Inter-European Relations: An Analysis of the Group of Nine". Journal of Peace Research. 9 (2). SAGE Publications: 147–160. doi:10.1177/002234337200900204. ISSN 0022-3433. S2CID 143059477.

[Weiner_1984_p._63-2] Weiner, R. (1984). Romanian Foreign Policy and the United Nations. Praeger scientific. Praeger. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-03-071594-5. Retrieved 6 May 2021.

[Makko_2016_p._93-3] Makko, A. (2016). Ambassadors of Realpolitik: Sweden, the CSCE and the Cold War. Contemporary European History. Berghahn Books. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-78533-285-2. Retrieved 6 May 2021.

[Staff_Memorandum_on_United_States_Investment_of_Military_Assistance_Funds_in_Military_Installations_Located_in_France_1967_p._6-PA28-4] Staff Memorandum on United States Investment of Military Assistance Funds in Military Installations Located in France. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1967. p. 6-PA28. Retrieved 6 May 2021.

[Voorhoeve_1979_p._133-5] Voorhoeve, J.J.C. (1979). Peace, Profits and Principles :: A Study of Dutch Foreign Policy. Springer Netherlands. p. 133. ISBN 978-90-247-2203-7. Retrieved 6 May 2021.

[CVCE.EU_by_UNI.LU_2005-6] "The idea of a pan-European security conference". CVCE.EU by UNI.LU. 21 December 2005. Retrieved 6 May 2021.

[Palmer_1971_p._10-7] Palmer, M. (1971). The Prospects for a European Security Conference. Chatham House, P.E.P. European Series. Chatham House:PEP. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-85374-037-7. Retrieved 6 May 2021. The Group of Nine / Ten met several times to explore initiatives that could be taken to achieve a greater degree of European détente. ... held at the U.N. in October 1969, the experiment of the Group of Ten appeared to have come to an end, at least for the time being . ... over the course of 1966 were Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Rumania, Sweden, and Yugoslavia.

[Conference_on_European_Security:_Hearings,_Ninety-second_Congress,_Second_Session_1972_p._2-8] Conference on European Security: Hearings, Ninety-second Congress, Second Session. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1972. p. 2. Retrieved 6 May 2021. Invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact countries disrupts efforts of Group of Ten for CES planning.

[Due-Nielsen_Petersen_1995_p._136-9] Due-Nielsen, C.; Petersen, N. (1995). Adaptation and Activism: The Foreign Policy of Denmark, 1967–1993. Dansk udenrigspolitisk institut. p. 136. ISBN 978-87-574-3022-6. Retrieved 6 May 2021.

[Leatherman_2003_p._72-10] Leatherman, J. (2003). From Cold War to Democratic Peace: Third Parties, Peaceful Change, and the OSCE. Syracuse Studies on Peace and Conflict Resolution. Syracuse University Press. p. 72 ff. ISBN 978-0-8156-3032-6. Retrieved 6 May 2021.

[11] "The World Factbook 1991". United States Central Intelligence Agency. 1991. Retrieved September 26, 2009.

[12] "The World Factbook 1998". United States Central Intelligence Agency. 1998. Retrieved September 26, 2009. Serbia and Montenegro has self-proclaimed itself the "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia," but the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its continuation

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Group of Nine

Members

See also

References

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