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Jase Bolger

Jase Bolger
Bolger in 2010
In office
December 29, 2016 – present
GovernorGretchen Whitmer
Rick Snyder
Preceded byJanet McClelland
71st Speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives
In office
January 1, 2011 – December 31, 2014
Preceded byAndy Dillon
Succeeded byKevin Cotter
Member of the Michigan House of Representatives
from the 63rd district
In office
January 1, 2009 – December 31, 2014
Preceded byLorence Wenke
Succeeded byDavid Maturen
Personal details
Born (1971-02-02) February 2, 1971 (age 53)
Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.
Political partyRepublican
Spouse
Molly Bolger
​
(m. 1993)​
Children2
EducationWestern Michigan University (BBA)

James "Jase" Bolger (born February 2, 1971) served as the 71st Speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives from January 12, 2011 to the end of 2014 session.[1] Bolger is a member of the Republican Party, and represented Michigan's 63rd house district from 2009 to 2014.[1] After being term limited out, he founded a consulting firm, Tusker Strategies.[2] Bolger was also appointed by former Governor Rick Snyder on December 29, 2016 to the Michigan Civil Service Commission and was elected chair on April 27, 2023.[3]

Personal life, education and career

James "Jase" Bolger was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, the son of James and Eileen Bolger.[1] Due to his father's job as a Michigan State Police trooper, the family moved around the state often, before settling in Charlotte, Michigan when Jase entered first grade.[1] He graduated Western Michigan University with a Bachelor of Business Administration with a dual major in Finance and Political Science.[4]

Prior to entering politics, Bolger founded (and continues to help operate) a small collections/skip tracing business that updates phone records for Fortune 100 companies. An Eagle Scout, he has also been associated with AYSO Soccer, the Rotary Club, United Way, the KAAAP mentor program, Oaklawn Hospital, the Knights of Columbus and several Chambers of Commerce. He is married and has two children. Bolger and his family are Roman Catholic.[1]

Political career

Bolger was first elected to public office in 2004 as a Calhoun County Commissioner, he was later reelected for the same post in 2006.[5] One of his stated priorities as a Commissioner was to minimize the county's spending which he believed was necessary to secure the county's future.[4] During his time as county commissioner Bolger worked with the Democratic majority to achieve consolidation for three 911 Calhoun County dispatchers.[6] The consolidation of the Battle Creek, Albion and Marshall centers into a single center, located in Marshall, resulted in improved service and a net saving of $1.5 million for local taxpayers.[7]

Bolger was first elected as a State Representative in November 2008, when he defeated Democratic nominee Phyllis Smith by a 13-point margin.[8] He was subsequently reelected in 2010 and 2012 and served as Speaker until 2014.[9][10] In 2012, Democrats campaigned heavily trying to defeat Bolger, spending nearly $1 million on mail, television and radio attack ads; however, Bolger won re-election to his third and final term.[11]

Under Bolger's leadership, Republicans retained their majority in the Michigan House while President Barack Obama was re-elected by a 9.5 point margin in Michigan, and U.S. Senator Debbie Stabenow was re-elected by a 20-point margin.[12]

He represented Michigan's 63rd legislative District, which included the eastern Kalamazoo County city of Galesburg and the townships of Brady, Charleston, Climax, Comstock, Kalamazoo, Pavilion, Richland, Ross and Wakeshma; as well as the central/southern Calhoun County city of Marshall, village of Athens, Burlington, Homer, Tekonsha and the townships of Athens, Burlington, Clarendon, Eckford, Emmett, Fredonia, Homer, Leroy, Marengo, Marshall, Newton and Tekonsha.[13]

After completing his term Speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives, Bolger founded a consulting firm, Tusker Strategies. In addition to his private sector work, Bolger was appointed in 2016 to serve on the Michigan Civil Service Commission for a term ending December 31, 2024.[14] The Commission is a bipartisan, four-member body, appointed by the governor of the state to regulate all conditions of employment for state employees. On April 27, 2023 Bolger was elected to serve as Chair of the Michigan Civil Service Commission.[15]

Political positions and initiatives

Bolger was elected as House leader in 2011, during his time as Speaker numerous legislative packages that aided Michigan's recovery passed. Specifically, the Michigan House has passed legislation to cut duplicative regulation, as well as reforming the tax structure and pension systems.[16][17] In addition to those initiatives, the Speaker has worked with Republicans statewide to pass right-to-work legislation and education reform measures.[18] The Michigan House has also passed a balanced budget ahead of schedule all four years Bolger served as Speaker.[19]

Education reform

During Bolger's term as Speaker he achieved bipartisan support for education reform.[20][21] Since 2011, the Michigan House of Representatives have passed numerous education reforms including tenure reform, expansion of cyber and charter school choices, teacher benefit reforms and early childhood development investment.[20][21][22][23][24][25] During Bolger's first year as Speaker, the House passed tenure reform.[22] Tenure reform in Michigan guaranteed students would not be left with an underperforming teacher or lose a teacher who is exceeding. Tenure reform made it easier for a school district to fire ineffective teachers, and banned the last in first out approach previously utilized.[22]

In addition to tenure reform, Bolger and the House passed legislation that expanded school choice options, guaranteeing more students access to cyber and charter schools; the legislation passed with bipartisan support.[23] The school choice legislation gradually lifts the cap on charter schools authorized by universities and allows for more cyber school options.[22][23]

During the Speaker's term, teacher benefit reforms were also accomplished.[24] The legislation, which is described as the biggest change in the state's teacher retirement system in a generation, allows school districts to allocate less towards retirement pensions and more towards students.[24] School district leaders have noted the change to retirement pension requirements have been a blessing, saying the separation allows school districts to spend more on school operations.[24][26] The reform also created the option for teachers to commit more towards their own retirement, or have the option for a smaller pension.[24]

The Republican-led House under Bolger increased funding for early childhood development by $65 million in 2013 and again in 2014.[25][27] The changes to funding for early childhood development have resulted in at least 16,000 more students being able to attend pre-k schooling.[25][28] Regarding increased early childhood development funding Speaker Bolger said,

We should expand early childhood education opportunities as investments to help kids succeed. Those investments also will provide savings to our schools and communities years later as those students learn — and a decade later as they find success through working and don't enter our criminal justice system.[27]

The Speaker's comments on early childhood funding were applauded by the Children's Leadership Council of Michigan.[27]

Job growth

Michigan saw a sharp decline in the labor force starting in 2008 and lasting until 2011, which resulted in 800,000 jobs lost.[29] In 2009, Michigan's unemployment rate hit a record-high 14.2 percent.[29][30] During that same period Michigan saw its population base shrink.[31] In 2011, Bolger worked with Republicans in the house to pass tax, education and pension reform measures, and employers have responded positively to the changes.[16] Since the reforms were passed in 2011, more than 300,000 jobs returned to the state.[29] During Bolger's time as Speaker from 2011 through 2014, Michigan had the fifth highest job growth in the nation, and the state's unemployment rate decreased to 6.7 percent.[16][29][32]

Poverty decline

From 2008 until the end of 2010 under a Democrat controlled Michigan House of Representatives and Democratic Governor Jennifer Granholm, Michigan's poverty rate rose from 14.4% in 2008 up to 17.5% in 2011.[33] When elected Speaker, Bolger stated it was the goal of Republican leaders to address our state's increasing poverty rate by creating more jobs. Specifically, Bolger stated "it has to be all about job creation.[34]

After four years of Republican reforms led by Bolger, Governor Rick Snyder and former Senate Majority Leader Randy Richardville, Michigan saw significant economic improvement with more than 300,000 jobs added to state's economy, which aided the state's poverty rate decrease.[16][29][33] While Bolger was Speaker, Michigan's poverty rate declined each year since 2011, from a high of 17.5% down to 16.2% in 2014.[33]

Right to Work

In 2012, Michigan became the nation's 24th right-to-work state.[35] Prior to passage, Speaker Bolger was the sole legislative leader who supported right-to-work when other Michigan Republicans were lukewarm on the idea.[18][36] The day Bolger was elected Speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives he stated that fellow Republicans should join him in reviewing the potential for right-to-work legislation.[36] During Bolger's term as Speaker, right-to-work legislation was introduced and passed by the House on December 6, 2012.[37] The legislation was eventually signed by Governor Rick Snyder on December 11, 2012.[37] Nearly six years after passage, workers in Michigan earn 8.06% less than the states that border Michigan and kept collective bargaining.[38]

Tax reform and venture capital growth

Bolger worked with Senate Majority Leader Randy Richardville and Governor Snyder to pass tax reform in the state.[39] The tax overhaul was the largest in 17 years, and included eliminating the Michigan Business Tax, reforming the personal income and pension tax systems.[40] The changes in corporate tax structure have resulted in Michigan improving its corporate tax business environment from an all-time low ranking of 49th up to seventh-best in the country.[41] Under the new tax changes, Michigan has become a top state for venture capital projects with 312 new projects in 2013.[42] The state ranks fifth in new project development, and 10th for projects per capita.[42]

Additionally, Bolger and the House passed legislation to improve the personal property tax system in Michigan.[43] The personal property tax legislation, which was championed by the Lieutenant Governor Brian Calley, allows for 100 percent reimbursement to municipalities and an 80 percent reduction in business taxes based on the previous system.[43]

Balancing the budget

When Bolger assumed his new role the state was facing a $1.8 billion budget deficit, noting the budget deficit was a concern Bolger worked with Republicans to balance the budget.[1] Prior to becoming Speaker, Michigan saw annual budget shortfalls of $1.5 billion on average, as well as repeated government shutdowns.[1][44] In his first year as Speaker, Bolger, Senate Majority Leader Randy Richardville and Governor Rick Snyder worked to pass a budget which resulted in Michigan seeing a more than $450 million surplus.[45]

In each subsequent year the Michigan legislature has passed, and the governor has signed a balanced budget.[19] In each of the past three years, Michigan has seen a surplus that has also helped replenish the state's Rainy Day Fund, which in 2011 had $2.2 million in reserves and now is projected to surpass $700 million in reserves for the 2014-15 fiscal year budget.[46][47]

Detroit revitalization

Speaker Bolger has stated that he plans to work with legislators on both sides of the aisle to assist Detroit in its revitalization.[48] In October 2013, the Speaker visited Detroit with state Representative Harvey Santana, a Democrat from Michigan's 9th house district, and pledged to explore ways to fight crime, lower auto insurance rates and clean up the city.[48] After the visit Speaker Bolger met with the Michigan State Police to discuss alternatives to fighting crime, as well as discussing plans about alternative sentencing options with other legislators.[48]

Also, since that visit the Speaker has worked with local Detroit representatives to garner support for scrap metal theft legislation and education reform.[49][50] Recently, the Speaker proposed a change to Michigan's auto insurance laws, which would help reduce cost for Detroit's drivers; after promoting his proposal the Speaker met with Representatives John Olumba and Santana in an effort to create bi-partisan reform.[51]

Detroit's bankruptcy and recovery

In May 2014, Bolger announced the formation of a special committee, House Committee on Detroit's Recovery and Michigan's Future, to help Detroit settle the largest municipal bankruptcy in history while protecting Michigan taxpayers statewide.[52] Bolger was quoted as saying "we are putting a strong team in place to resolve this difficult issue today with a vision for a bright future."[52] The committee introduced legislation to help Detroit avoid further bankruptcy litigation by offering a $194.8 million lump sum to the city's retirement systems. In addition to the one-time contribution, legislation was passed to create an oversight commission to aid Detroit's recovery.[52]

The Speaker also called on unions to make contributions to help in the Detroit settlement.[53] Bolger requested unions to make a material contribution that is reflective of other parties involved in the settlement.[53] Bolger's request did not come without opposition, the Detroit Free Press issued an editorial claiming Governor Rick Snyder should convince Speaker Bolger to drop his demand or go around Bolger.[54] The Detroit News editorialized that the union contribution demand was too much, and the likelihood of unions contributing would be slim.[55] Other critics wrote that Bolger's demand would imperil the settlement.[56] Bolger did receive support from conservative columnists and was urged to continue his demand.[57] Bolger held firm to his request, and unions - the first was The Michigan Building and Construction Trades Council - did agree to make material contributions towards health care costs to help with the Detroit bankruptcy settlement.[58] After unions agreed to contribution money towards the settlement, the Michigan House passed legislation with major bipartisan support.[59]

Governor Snyder called the legislative package an opportunity to change the direction of Detroit.[59] Upon passage, the Detroit News called the final legislative package a "grand piece of work", and the Detroit Free Press opined that the deal showed that lawmakers "get it".[60][61]

Political controversies

2012: HB 5711 floor debate

On June 13, 2012, Speaker Bolger allegedly refused to recognize now former Michigan state legislator Lisa Brown for a full service day after she used the term "vagina" during a floor debate over a bill (HB 5711) to further regulate abortion in the state.[62][63] Initially, Brown claimed she was denied the opportunity to speak due to religious discrimination, and then later claimed she was silenced for saying "vagina."[64]

A spokesman for Bolger said that Brown was not allowed to give her opinion on a school employee retirement bill because when Brown said "Mr. Speaker, I'm flattered that you're all are so interested in my vagina, but no means no", she had violated the rules of the House and had "failed to maintain the decorum of the House."[63][65]

2012: Party switch controversy

In 2012, Bolger worked with then-Democratic Michigan state Rep. Roy Schmidt to switch parties at the filing deadline.[66] Schmidt expressed dissatisfaction with what he called extreme party bosses in the Democratic party.[66] Schmidt recruited a replacement for Democrats, 22-year-old Matt Mojzak, who did not mount a campaign, thus effectively leaving the Democrats without a viable candidate.[67] With no serious Democratic candidate, Schmidt effectively ensured his victory as a Republican.[68] Schmidt reportedly offered to pay Mojzak $450 to file as the Democratic challenger. Schmidt later upped the amount to $1,000 when Mojzak announced he was going to withdraw his candidacy.[68]

Bolger exchanged text messages with Schmidt, which indicated he was involved in the Mojzak affair.[69][70] Several independent investigations and a grand jury review exonerated Bolger of breaking any rules.[71] Ingham County Circuit Judge Rosemarie Aquilina wrote that an exhaustive and diligent probe uncovered no crime or wrongdoing, and that an indictment was not warranted.[72] Kent County Prosecutor Bill Forsyth condemned the scheme as a travesty but could not file charges.[73] Bolger authored an op-ed in the Detroit Free Press offering his apology to any offended voters and noted his error in judgment.[74]

Electoral history

2008 General Election - Michigan's 63rd state House of Representatives District[8]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Jase Bolger 27,641 56.6 +1.4
Democratic Phyllis Smith 21,188 43.4 −1.4
2010 General Election - Michigan's 63rd state House of Representatives District[9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Jase Bolger (I) 20,935 62.8 +6.2
Democratic Dave Morgan 12,408 37.2 −6.2
2012 General Election - Michigan's 63rd state House of Representatives District[10]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Jase Bolger (I) 22,196 50.9 −11.9
Democratic Bill Farmer 21,440 49.1 +11.9

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Davis, Paula M. (January 9, 2011). "Michigan House Speaker Bolger says GOP has 'no excuses', must deliver results". Kalamazoo Gazette.
  2. ^ "Jase Bolger forms consulting firm, will work with West Michigan Policy Forum", mlive.com, January 7, 2015.
  3. ^ "Snyder appoints Bolger to state employee commission". The Detroit News. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  4. ^ a b Speaker James Bolger bio Archived 2014-03-24 at the Wayback Machine, Republican State Leadership Committee; accessed December 20, 2014.
  5. ^ Western Michigan University GOP (May 21, 2008). Jase Bolger for State Representative. WMUGOP Blogspot.
  6. ^ Calhoun County Board of Commissioners (February 7, 2008)Board of Commissioners Meeting Minutes Calhouncountymi.gov
  7. ^ VoIP Channel (June 6, 2008)."MPSC Approves 60 cent Charge on all 911 calls", Cisconary.com; accessed August 25, 2016.
  8. ^ a b "2008 Official Michigan General Election Results - 63rd District State Representative 2 Year Term (1) Position". Archived from the original on 2011-09-23.
  9. ^ a b "2012 Official Michigan General Election Results - 63rd District State Representative 2 Year Term (1) Position". Archived from the original on 2014-01-29.
  10. ^ a b "2012 Official Michigan General Election Results - 63rd District State Representative 2 Year Term (1) Position". Archived from the original on 2013-01-16.
  11. ^ Klug, Fritz (November 7, 2012). House Speaker Jase Bolger claims victory in re-election bid against Bill Farmer, Kalamazoo Gazette; accessed August 25, 2016.
  12. ^ ELECTION 2012: NATION: President Obama wins second term; Stabenow, Dingell, Conyers win, PressandGuide.com; November 7, 2012.
  13. ^ State of Michigan Map of Michigan's 63rd District, Michigan.gov; accessed August 25, 2016.
  14. ^ "Jase Bolger, Commissioner". Michigan Civil Service Commission. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  15. ^ Burns, Gus (2023-07-13). "Michigan ends marijuana testing for some government job applicants". mlive. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  16. ^ a b c d Gantert, Tom (January 3, 2014). "Michigan Among the Leaders in Job Growth", Michigan Capitol Confidential; accessed December 20, 2014.
  17. ^ "LARA - Office of Regulatory Reinvention Eliminates 1,500 Rules, Implements 100 Recommendations Making Regulations More Efficient". Retrieved August 25, 2016.
  18. ^ a b Clark, Zoe and Rick Pluta (February 21, 2014). "Auto No-fault overhaul GOP's Holy Grail", Michigan Public Radio Network.
  19. ^ a b State of Michigan (June 13, 2013). Michigan's 2014 budget balanced and on time, Michigan.gov; accessed December 20, 2014.
  20. ^ a b House Roll Call, Tenure Reform (June 30, 2011). 2011 House Bill 4625: Make it easier to fire ineffective teachers (House Roll Call 294) Roll Call Votes.
  21. ^ a b House Roll Call, Tenure Reform (June 30, 2011). 2011 House Bill 4627: Ban laying off more effective but less senior teachers first ("LIFO") (House Roll Call 296) Roll Call Votes.
  22. ^ a b c d Mack, Julie (July 15, 2011). Michigan tenure reform: The real ways in which it could help and hurt teachers (with video), Kalamazoo Gazette.
  23. ^ a b c Murray, Dave (May 20, 2012). Jase Bolger: There's no Republican conspiracy to eliminate public schools, we agree with Obama, MLive.com; accessed August 25, 2016.
  24. ^ a b c d e Eggert, Dave (June 14, 2012). Tentative deal reached on big changes in Michigan's teacher retirement system MLive.com.
  25. ^ a b c Dwyer, Dustin (May 28, 2013). $65 million increase for early ed expected to pass; creates 16,000 new preschool slots in Michigan, Michigan Public Radio; accessed December 20, 2014.
  26. ^ Dickson, James and Darren Littell (February 6, 2014). "Clearing the air on Gov. Snyder's education spending", The Detroit News.
  27. ^ a b c Melot, Derek (January 9, 2013). "Bolger backs bigger dollars for early childhood", Bridge Magazine; accessed December 20, 2014.
  28. ^ Brownfield, Mike (June 19, 2013). Investing in Education, Michigan.gov; accessed August 25, 2016.
  29. ^ a b c d e Bureau of Labor Statistics Data, tables and calculators by subject Bureau of Labor Statistics;' accessed December 20, 2014.
  30. ^ Oosting, Jonathan (March 5, 2014). Michigan unemployment rate plummets to 7.8 percent in January, lowest point since 2008 MLive.com.
  31. ^ Witsil, Frank (January 9, 2014). Based on moves, Michigan population loss tapers off, indicating improving economy Detroit Free Press.
  32. ^ "Current Unemployment Rates for States and Historical Highs/Lows". Bls.gov. 2016-08-19. Retrieved 2016-08-27.
  33. ^ a b c Mackinac Center for Public Policy (December 5, 2015). "Poverty Rate Soaring?", Michigan Capitol Confidential; accessed December 6, 2015.
  34. ^ "Michigan House Speaker Jase Bolger says GOP has 'no excuses', must deliver results". MLive. 9 January 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
  35. ^ Bennet, William (December 13, 2012). "A Victory For Right To Work Laws", cnn.com; accessed December 20, 2012.
  36. ^ a b Luke, Peter (January 13, 2011). "New House Speaker Bolger says 'right-to-work' status is 'on the table'", mlive.com; accessed December 20, 2014.
  37. ^ a b Mackinac Center Virtual Timeline, Michigan Capitol Confidential; accessed December 20, 2014.
  38. ^ Illinois Economic Policy Institute April 3, 2017 Frank Manzo IV https://ler.illinois.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/RTW-in-the-Midwest-2010-2016.pdf
  39. ^ Michigan Chamber of Commerce (February 17, 2011). Michigan Chamber of Commerce Applauds Governor Snyder's Approach to Tax Reform and Balancing of State Budget PR Newswire.
  40. ^ Luke, Peter (May 25, 2011). Gov. Rick Snyder signs Michigan business/income tax overhaul into law MLive.com
  41. ^ Robyn, Mark (February 10, 2012). Michigan implements positive corporate tax reform Tax Foundation.
  42. ^ a b Arend, Mark (March 2014). Cover Story: Double Take Site Selection.
  43. ^ a b Oosting, Jonathan (February 25, 2014). Michigan personal property tax reform plan hailed as 'win-win' for businesses, local governments MLive.com.
  44. ^ Bridge Magazine (July 12, 2013). Rep. Jase Bolger: With tough decisions, GOP lawmakers put Michigan on path for better future MLive.com
  45. ^ Davey, Monica (February 8, 2012). Surplus Surprises Michigan, but Is It Safe to Spend Again? New York Times.
  46. ^ Egan, Paul and Kathleen Gray (February 5, 2014). Gov. Snyder's budget plan calls for 6.1% hike for universities, more in Rainy Day Fund Detroit Free Press.
  47. ^ State of Michigan Michigan Rainy Day Fund Michigan.gov.
  48. ^ a b c Riley, Rochelle (November 3, 2013). Rochelle Riley: Speaker Bolger gets busy on Detroit's plight, but not all lawmakers are persuaded Detroit Free Press.
  49. ^ Livengood, Chad (March 19, 2014). Michigan House approves scrap metal theft reforms The Detroit News.
  50. ^ Eggert, David (March 20, 2014). House OKs school turnaround district legislation Associated Press.
  51. ^ Briscoe, Tony (March 21, 2014) Auto insurance reform sought The Detroit News.
  52. ^ a b c Oosting, Jonathan, "State money for Detroit? New Michigan panel to consider 'grand bargain' legislation, oversight", mlive.com, May 13, 2014; accessed January 17, 2015.
  53. ^ a b Egan, Paul & John Gallagher, "Michigan House leader tells Detroit unions to put up cash or get no money from state", freep.com, April 18, 2014; accessed January 17, 2015.
  54. ^ Detroit Free Press Editorial Board (April 25, 2014). Editorial: Gov. Rick Snyder must rein in Jase Bolger on unions, Detroit Free Press; accessed December 20, 2014.
  55. ^ Detroit News Editorial Board. "Bolger should allow grand bargain", The Detroit News, May 1, 2014; accessed December 20, 2014.
  56. ^ Howes, Daniel (May 13, 2014). Bolger's union demand imperils 'grand bargain' in Detroit bankruptcy Archived 2014-05-13 at the Wayback Machine The Detroit News.
  57. ^ Calabrese, Dan, "Speaker Bolger is right: Unions need to pay, or no pension bailout", The Detroit News, April 21, 2014; accessed January 17, 2015.
  58. ^ Oosting, Jonathan (May 19, 2014) "Bolger: Union contribution a 'huge step forward' for Detroit bankruptcy 'grand bargain'", mlive.com; accessed March 3, 2015.
  59. ^ a b Livengood, Chad & Gary Heinlein (May 22, 2014). "Detroit's 'grand bargain' advances in Michigan Legislature" Archived 2014-05-22 at the Wayback Machine, detroitnews.com; accessed March 3, 2015.
  60. ^ "Detroit's 'grand bargain' a grand piece of work"[permanent dead link‍], The Detroit News; accessed March 3, 2015.
  61. ^ Editorial: "OK of Detroit bankruptcy deal shows Michigan lawmakers get it", Detroit Free Press; accessed March 3, 2015.
  62. ^ Bergstrom, William (June 14, 2012). "Michigan state Rep. Lisa Brown silenced for saying 'vagina'". Politico. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
  63. ^ a b Peralta, Eyder (June 14, 2012). "Michigan State Rep Barred From Speaking After 'Vagina' Comments", npr.org; accessed December 20, 2014.
  64. ^ Lawmaker Banned From Speaking After Referring to Her Vagina in Abortion Debate, The Daily Best; accessed October 19, 2015.
  65. ^ "Michigan State Rep. Lisa Brown silenced after 'vagina' comments House Republicans blocked Brown for her remark during a speech blasting an anti-abortion bill", nydailynews.com; accessed July 30, 2015.
  66. ^ a b Reens, Nate (May 15, 2012). Grand Rapids Rep. Roy Schmidt announces party switch, long-time Democrat will run as Republican Grand Rapids Press.
  67. ^ Egan, Paul (August 28, 2012). House speaker Bolger says Rep. Schmidt told him fake candidate's residency was legit Detroit Free Press.
  68. ^ a b Abbey-Lambertz, Kate (July 19, 2012). Roy Schmidt, Jase Bolger, Michigan State Rep And Speaker, Not Charged After Election Scandal", HuffingtonPost.com; accessed December 20, 2014.
  69. ^ Reens, Nate (July 18, 2012). Read text messages between House Speaker Bolger, Rep. Schmidt plotting party switch, fake candidate Grand Rapids Press.
  70. ^ Egan, Paul (July 18, 2012). "State House speaker, representative blamed in election candidate scam". Detroit Free Press; retrieved July 20, 2012.
  71. ^ Oosting, Jonathan (August 9, 2013). "Bolger, Schmidt cleared in grand jury investigation of party-switch scheme", MLive.com.
  72. ^ Eggert, Dave (August 9, 2013). "No Indictment after Michigan Party Switch Probe", CBS Detroit; accessed December 20, 2014.
  73. ^ "Bill Forsyth: Roy Schmidt election scheme is a 'travesty'". MLive.com. Retrieved 2018-07-27.
  74. ^ Bolger, Jase (July 20, 2012). "Michigan House Speaker Bolger: 'I apologize to voters'", freep.com; accessed December 20, 2014.
Political offices
Preceded by Speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives
2011–2014 		Succeeded by
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