Kalmak Tatars
Kalmaktar, калмактар | |
|---|---|
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Russia | 500[1] |
| Languages | |
| Tom dialect of Siberian Tatar, Russian | |
| Religion | |
| Sunni Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Altai-Kizi, Telengits, Teleuts, Kyrgyz, other Siberian Tatars | |
The Kalmak Tatars (Siberian Tatar: калмактар[2]) are one of the three subgroups of Tom group of Siberian Tatars. Their traditional areas of settlement are northeastern parts of Kemerovo Oblast, close to the town of Yurga.
The origins of the Kalmaks trace back to the 17th century, when a group of Teleuts from the central parts of Kemerovo Oblast migrated to the north. Kalmaks adopted Islam in the 18th century due to Tatar and other Muslim influences. These factors created an endogamous barrier between Kalmaks and Russians, which helped Kalmaks to preserve their identity.[3]
In the 19th and 20th centuries, Kalmaks inhabited mainly Zimnik, Bolshoy Ulus close to the town of Yurga, and Yurty-Konstantinovy (Тумаел) in the Yashkinsky District to the northeast of Yurga, close to Tomsk Oblast.
Culture
The Kalmaks are considered to be mostly assimilated but retain their Teleut roots. They speak a local dialect of the Tatar language.[4][5][6] However some sources consider the language of the Kalmaks to be a separate variety of Tatar, or even a dialect of the Teleut language, as it differs greatly from other Siberian Tatar varieties.[7][8][9]
The Kalmaks are Sunni Muslims. They converted to Islam around the late 18th century under the influence of Volga Tatars and Siberian Bukharans.[3]
Genetics
The majority of Kalmak Tatars belong to Y-DNA haplogroup N1c1-Y16311[10] which originates from N1c1-F4205, like Mongols and Kalmyks. This differentiates them from Teleuts, from whom some scholars believe the Kalmak Tatars descent.
References
- ^ Калмаки
- ^ Tom Tatars
- ^ a b ЭТНИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ У КАЛМАКОВ
- ^ Akiner, Shirin (1986). Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 435–436. ISBN 0-7103-0025-5.
- ^ http://haknii.ru/files/magazine/v3/Kimeev_V.M._Krivonogov_V.P._Jetnicheskie_processy_u_kalmakov.pdf Archived 2021-05-20 at the Wayback Machine [bare URL PDF]
- ^ Nevskaya, Irina (2007), "Ethno-Linguistic Processes in Post-Soviet South Siberia", Cultural Changes in the Turkic World, Ergon Verlag, pp. 107–122, doi:10.5771/9783956506925-107, ISBN 9783956506925
- ^ Уртегешев, Н.С. (2016). "Kalmaksky yazyk" Калмакский язык [The Kalmak language]. Yazyk i obshchestvo. Entsiklopediya Язык и общество. Энциклопедия [Language and society. Encyclopedia] (PDF) (in Russian). Москва: ООО Издательский центр "Азбуковник". pp. 186–189. ISBN 978-5-91172-129-9.
- ^ "Калмакский | Малые языки России". minlang.iling-ran.ru. Retrieved 2022-06-06.
- ^ Уртегешев, Николай С. (2018). "Kalmakov yazyk" Калмаков язык [The language of the Kalmaks]. Tehlikedeki Diller Dergisi. 8 (12): 65–96.
- ^ https://www.academia.edu/41588994/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%92_%D0%93_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%97_%D0%90_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C_%D0%91_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%95_%D0%92_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85 Siberian Tatars' genetics in the context of archaeological and historical data
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