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Kolar leaf-nosed bat

Kolar leaf-nosed bat
The bat at its only known roost in Hanumanahalli, Kolar, Karnataka
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Family: Hipposideridae
Genus: Hipposideros
Species:
H. hypophyllus
Binomial name
Hipposideros hypophyllus
Kock & Bhat, 1994
Kolar leaf-nosed bat range

The Kolar leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros hypophyllus), or leafletted leaf-nosed bat is a species of bat in the family Hipposideridae. It is endemic to India. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and caves. It is found in only one cave in India, and its population is less than 200 individuals.

Taxonomy

This species was described in 1994.[2] The Hipposideros bats of South Asia are divided into closely related species groups. The Kolar leaf-nosed bat is placed in the "bicolor" species group, which is characterized by the absence of secondary leaflets on their nose-leaves and a forearm length of 33–44 mm (1.3–1.7 in).[3] It is most closely related to Cantor's roundleaf bat and the fawn leaf-nosed bat; these three species form a clade in the genus Hipposideros.[4]

Description

Its forearm is 38–49 mm (1.5–1.9 in) long.[3] The fur on its back is variable in color, with some individuals' hairs tipped with grayish-brown, while others' hairs are tipped with rufous brown. Fur on the ventral surface is tipped in white or fulvous-white. Its nose-leaf has two supplementary leaflets that project from underneath the sides of the front nose-leaf.[5] Its ears are 16.7–17.7 mm (0.66–0.70 in) long; its tail is 23.3–24.3 mm (0.92–0.96 in) long; its hind feet are 6.7–6.9 mm (0.26–0.27 in); its nose-leaf is 5.5–5.8 mm (0.22–0.23 in) wide.[4]

Biology

It echolocates at 103–105.3kHz.[3] During the day, it roosts in caves. It has been documented sharing a roost site with several other species of bat, including Khajuria's leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros durgadasi), fulvus roundleaf bat (Hipposideros fulvus), and Schneider's leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros speoris). It accumulates fat in the winter months, suggesting that it may use torpor in colder months.[1] Pregnant and lactating females have been observed late in the summer.[4]

Range and habitat

It is known from only one cave in Hanumanahalli village in the Kolar district of the state of Karnataka in India.[1] Its cave is described as an inaccessibly narrow opening in granite rocks.[5] Previously, it was known from a nearby cave in Therahalli village, but it is absent from that cave as of 2014. It has not been encountered at elevations above 570 m (1,870 ft). The habitat surrounding its single remaining cave consists of tropical dry shrubland.[1]

Conservation

It is currently evaluated as critically endangered by the IUCN. The Kolar leaf-nosed bat is found in only one cave, and its population is less than 200 individuals. Its single cave is not on protected land, and the species itself is not protected by Indian law. Its habitat is under threat due to illegal granite mining. Granite miners have driven them out of at least two caves by setting fires; the fires make granite extraction easier. As reported in 2014, there was a temporary mining ban on the cave where this species is still found. Its critically endangered listing occurred in 2016; from 2004–2016, it was listed as Endangered. From 2000–2004 it was listed as Vulnerable, and from 1996–2000, it was listed as Near Threatened.[6] There had been petitions to protect the species under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, as all bats in India were considered vermin with the exception of two species[7] until 2022. In 2022, the Indian Wildlife Protection Act was amended to add four more bat species, including the Kolar leaf-nosed bat,[8] to Schedule I, allowing it the highest legal protection in the country.

References

  1. ^ a b c d Chakravarty, R.; Srinivasulu, B.; Srinivasulu, C. (2016). "Hipposideros hypophyllus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10138A22092730. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10138A22092730.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  2. ^ Kock, D.; Bhat, H. R. (1994). "Hipposideros hypophyllus n. sp. of the H. bicolor-group from peninsular India (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Hipposideridae)". Senckenbergiana Biologica. 73 ((1–2)): 25–31.
  3. ^ a b c Srinivasulu, B.; Srinivasulu, C.; Kaur, H. (2016). "Echolocation calls of the two endemic leaf-nosed bats (Chiroptera: Yinpterochiroptera: Hipposideridae) of India: Hipposideros hypophyllus Kock & Bhat, 1994 and Hipposideros durgadasi Khajuria, 1970". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 8 (14): 9667–9672. doi:10.11609/jott.2783.8.14.9667-9672.
  4. ^ a b c Srinivasulu, B.; Srinivasulu, C.; Kaur, H.; Shah, T.A.; Devender, G; Srinivasulu, A. (2014). "The reassessment of the threatened status of the Indian endemic Kolar Leaf-nosed Bat Hipposideros hypophyllus Kock & Bhat, 1994 (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Hipposideridae)". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 6 (12): 6493–6501. doi:10.11609/jott.o4117.6493-501. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
  5. ^ a b Venkataraman, K.; Chattopadhyay, A.; Subramanian, K.A., eds. (2013). Endemic Animals of India (Vertebrates): 1-235+ 26 Plates. Kolkata: Zoological Survey of India. p. 10.
  6. ^ Chakravarty, R.; Srinivasulu, B.; Srinivasulu, C. (2016). "Hipposideros hypophyllus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10138A22092730. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10138A22092730.en. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  7. ^ Deepthi, Sanjiv (March 11, 2015). "Granite mining in Kolar endangers special bats". Bangalore Mirror. Bangalore. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
  8. ^ "The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022" (PDF). The Gazette of India. New Delhi. 2022-12-20.
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