Mandate (politics)

In representative democracies, a mandate is a perceived legitimacy to rule through popular support. Mandates are conveyed through elections, in which voters choose political parties and candidates based on their own policy preferences. The election results are then interpreted to determine which policies are popularly supported. A majority government provides a clear mandate, while plurality or coalition government suggests a lesser mandate, requiring greater compromise between parties. Parties with strong mandates are free to implement their preferred policies with the understanding that they are supported by the people. When no mandate exists for a single party, the median voter may be used to determine what policies have a mandate for implementation. The modern concept of a political mandate first developed around the 16th century and became a prominent aspect of politics after the French Revolution.

A mandate is a social construct based on what is understood to be the will of the voters.^[1] Mandate theory proposes that political parties are vehicles for policy options. Voters choose from these options during elections, which then empowers the policies that have the most popular support and allows for their implementation.^[2] When voters overwhelmingly support a specific party or candidate in an election, it may be interpreted as a communication from the voters that they wish for the associated political platform to be implemented, creating a mandate for that platform.^[3] Mandates are based on the idea that all voters are equal, and popular assent from the group as a whole is necessary to govern.^[4] Those involved in politics look to mandates to determine what is expected by the voters and what they will consider acceptable.^[5] A mandate is desirable for political parties, as it gives them leeway in policy implementation.^[1] A party or candidate may claim to have a mandate, but it only confers a political advantage if this claim is widely accepted.^[5] Non-electoral governments, such as dictatorships and monarchies, may also claim to have a popular mandate to rule.^[6]

Mandates develop from the interpretation of elections.^[7] If it becomes widely accepted that the voters support a given platform, then it will be understood that a mandate exists, regardless of the actual wishes of the voters.^[5] There is no agreed upon metric for how much support a position must have—or be believed to have—before there is a mandate for its implementation.^[8] When a political mandate is unclear, it may be seen as the policy preferences of the median voter on a left–right political spectrum.^[9] This presents its own challenges when applied, as policy preferences are often more complex and have multiple dimensions.^[10]

Modern democracies do not consistently provide a majority mandate, as several competing parties offer different policies, requiring coalition governments to make compromises between their members. In the United States, the two-party system always results in one party having a majority in government that can be interpreted as a mandate.^[11] In the event of a coalition government, there is no single party with a popular mandate, as every party was supported by less than half of voters.^[12] Some political systems, such as that of the United Kingdom, frequently give a majority of legislative seats to a party that received only a plurality of the vote. In this case, the majority only carries a mandate if it is representative of the median voter.^[13] Policy does not necessary correspond to the platform of the dominant party, as it may still have to negotiate with other parties or otherwise have limits on its power to implement certain policies.^[14] Proportional representation allows for more nuanced voter preferences, but it also allows for a party with only plurality support to receive a majority of seats.^[14] In any coalition-based system, voters are unable to know what coalitions may form after an election, further distancing voter preferences from electoral results.^[15]

The existence of political mandate as a concept is challenged by supporters of deliberative democracy, who believe that parties are elected as representatives to negotiate and compromise between different policy proposals.^[11] Direct democracy bypasses the issue of mandates entirely as it allows voters to choose policies directly.^[16]

Ancient Greece and the Roman Republic both incorporated ideas of citizenship in their governments that granted all men the right to participate in political decisions.^[17] In the post-classical era, the authority of a ruler was typically accepted without question and without consideration of the wishes of the people. Religious authority or the blessing of a deity was often invoked as justification for a ruler's power.^[18] The first ideas of a mandate for popular rule developed around the year 1500.^[19] These ideas began to see political implementation during the Age of Revolution, when monarchical rule was overthrown across many kingdoms through popular uprising.^[20] The French Revolution specifically invoked popular mandate as a necessary factor for political legitimacy.^[17] As modern electoral politics emerged, rulers came to seek legitimacy from popular mandate in individual constituencies.^[21]

• Consent of the governed
• Divine right of kings
• Election promise
• Mandate of Heaven
• Referendum
• Social contract

• Bendix, Reinhard (1978). Kings Or People: Power and the Mandate to Rule. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04090-8.
• Grossback, Lawrence J.; Peterson, David A. M.; Stimson, James A. (2006). Mandate Politics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-45911-2.
• McDonald, Michael D.; Budge, Ian (2005). Elections, Parties, Democracy: Conferring the Median Mandate. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928672-0.