Minahasan languages

Proto-Minahasan
Proto-Minahasan
Reconstruction of	Minahasan languages
Reconstructed; ancestors	Proto-Austronesian Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Proto-Philippine ; ;

Minahasan
Minahasan
Geographic; distribution	North Sulawesi, Indonesia
Ethnicity	Minahasans
Linguistic classification	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Minahasan; ; ;
Language codes
Glottolog	mina1272

The Minahasan languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken by the Minahasa people in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia. They belong to the Philippine subgroup.

Considerable lexical influence comes from Spanish, Portuguese, and Ternate, a historical legacy of the presence of foreign powers.^[1]^[2] The Minahasan languages are distinct from the Manado Malay (Minahasa Malay) language, which is Malayic in origin, and has been displacing the indigenous languages of the area.^[3]^[4]

Classification

The languages are Tonsawang, Tontemboan, Tondano, Tombulu and Tonsea.^[5]

The Minahasan languages are classified as a branch of the Philippine subgroup.^[6]

The Bantik, Ratahan, and Ponosakan languages, although also spoken in the Minahasa region, are more distantly related, thus not covered by the term in a genealogical sense.^[7]^[8]

Reconstruction

Proto-Minahasan (PMin) has been reconstructed by Sneddon (1978).^[9] The comparison table (a small selection from Sneddon 1978:120–183) illustrates the correspondences between the Minahasan languages, including inherited vocabulary as well as Minahasan innovations.^[10]

Comparison table
Words inherited from Proto-Austronesian (PAn)
Tondano	Tonsea	Tombulu	Tontemboan	Tonsawang	PMin	PAn	Meaning
təlu	tədu	təlu	təlu	təlu	*təlu	*təlu	'three'
oat	oat	ohat	oʔat	ohatᶿ	*ohat	*huRaC	'vein'
rui	dui	duhi	duʔi	duhi	*duhi	*duRi	'bone'
ədo	əndo	əndo	əndo	əndo	*əndo	*qaləjaw	'sun'
pate	pate	pate	pate	patᶿe	*pate	*paCay	'kill'
Minahasan innovations
Tondano	Tonsea	Tombulu	Tontemboan	Tonsawang	PMin	PAn	Meaning
tələs	tələs	tələs	tələs	tələs	*tələs	(*bəli)	'buy'
edo	endo	endo	indo	indo	*indo	(*alaq)	'take'

References

Notes

^ Watuseke, F. S. (1965), "Kata-kata Ternate dalam bahasa Melaju-Manado dan bahasa-bahasa Minahasa", Pembina Bahasa Indonesia (in Indonesian), IX: 107–110
^ Schouten, M. J. C. (1998), Leadership and social mobility in a Southeast Asian society: Minahasa, 1677–1983, Leiden: KITLV Press, pp. 39–40
^ Watupongoh, Geraldine Y. J. Manoppo (1992), Struktur bahasa Tondano (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, p. 2
^ Henley, David (1996), Nationalism and regionalism in a colonial context: Minahasa in the Dutch East Indies, Leiden: KITLV Press, p. 86
^ Sneddon (1978), p. 9.
^ Adelaar (2005), p. 16.
^ Watuseke, F. S. (1956), "Bahasa Tondano", Bahasa dan budaja (in Indonesian), 4/5: 3–14
^ Watuseke, F. S. (1977), "'Kolano' in the Tondano Language", Papers in Borneo and Western Austronesian linguistics No. 2 (PDF), Pacific Linguistics A-33, C. Court, R. A. Blust, F. S. Watuseke, Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, pp. 123–132, doi:10.15144/PL-A33, retrieved 2022-12-24
^ Sneddon (1978).
^ Sneddon (1989), p. 85.

Bibliography

Sneddon, James N. (1978). Proto-Minahasan: phonology, morphology, and wordlist. Pacific Linguistics B-54. Canberra: Austronesian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-B54. ISBN 9780858831698.
Sneddon, James N. (1989). "The North Sulawesi Microgroups: In Search of Higher Level Connections". In Sneddon, James N. (ed.). Studies in Sulawesi Linguistics, Part 1 (PDF). NUSA Vol. 31. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya.
Adelaar, Alexander (2005). "The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: a historical perspective". In Adelaar, Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (eds.). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.

External links

Minahasan at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020).
Classification of Sulawesi Languages

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[watuseke-1] Watuseke, F. S. (1965), "Kata-kata Ternate dalam bahasa Melaju-Manado dan bahasa-bahasa Minahasa", Pembina Bahasa Indonesia (in Indonesian), IX: 107–110

[2] Schouten, M. J. C. (1998), Leadership and social mobility in a Southeast Asian society: Minahasa, 1677–1983, Leiden: KITLV Press, pp. 39–40

[3] Watupongoh, Geraldine Y. J. Manoppo (1992), Struktur bahasa Tondano (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, p. 2

[4] Henley, David (1996), Nationalism and regionalism in a colonial context: Minahasa in the Dutch East Indies, Leiden: KITLV Press, p. 86

[FOOTNOTESneddon19789-5] Sneddon (1978), p. 9.

[FOOTNOTEAdelaar200516-6] Adelaar (2005), p. 16.

[7] Watuseke, F. S. (1956), "Bahasa Tondano", Bahasa dan budaja (in Indonesian), 4/5: 3–14

[8] Watuseke, F. S. (1977), "'Kolano' in the Tondano Language", Papers in Borneo and Western Austronesian linguistics No. 2 (PDF), Pacific Linguistics A-33, C. Court, R. A. Blust, F. S. Watuseke, Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, pp. 123–132, doi:10.15144/PL-A33, retrieved 2022-12-24

[FOOTNOTESneddon1978-9] Sneddon (1978).

[FOOTNOTESneddon198985-10] Sneddon (1989), p. 85.

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