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Old Fortress, Corfu

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Old Fortress
Παλαιό Φρούριο
Part of the defences of Corfu City
Corfu, Greece
Coordinates39°37′23″N 19°55′48″E / 39.623°N 19.930°E / 39.623; 19.930
Site information
Owner Greece
Controlled byRepublic of Venice (until 1797), France (1797–99, 1807–14), Septinsular Republic (1800–07), United Kingdom (1814–64), Greece (since 1864)
Open to
the public		Yes
Site history
BuiltEarly 15th century, 1545–55, 1720s
Battles/warsSiege of Corfu (1537), Siege of Corfu (1571), Siege of Corfu (1716), Siege of Corfu (1798–99), Corfu Incident
Old Fortress in the 16th century from a print at the British Museum. The protective wall of the marina is visible in front of the castle. The marina is still in use to this day.

The Old Fortress of Corfu (Greek: Παλαιό Φρούριο, Venetian: Fortezza Vecchia) is a Venetian fortress in the city of Corfu. The fortress covers the promontory which initially contained the old town of Corfu that had emerged during Byzantine times.[1]

Before the Venetian era the promontory, which lies between the Gulf of Kerkyra to the north and Garitsa Bay to the south,[2] was defended by Byzantine fortifications which the Venetians largely replaced with fortifications of their own design.[1] As part of their defensive plans the Venetians separated the promontory from the rest of the city of Corfu by creating the Contrafossa, a moat which is a sea channel connecting the Gulf of Kerkyra to the North with the Bay of Garitsa to the South, converting the citadel into an artificial island.[1][2][3] The fort successfully repulsed all three major Ottoman sieges: the great siege of 1537, the siege of 1571 and the second great siege of Corfu in 1716.

The town of Corfu got its Western name from the twin peaks of the fortress ("Coryphe" in Greek).[1]

Origins

The church of St. George at the fortress

The earliest indication of fortifications on the site presently occupied by the Old Fortress dates from around the 6th century AD, after the destruction of the ancient city of Corcyra by the Ostrogoths. The Gothic invasion forced the Corcyreans to seek shelter inside fortifications on the peninsula at the tip of the city.[1]

Following a hiatus where no political or military developments in the citadel are known between the 7th-10th centuries AD, the first report of renewed fortifications occurs in early 11th century when Anna Komnene refers to it as the "very strongly fortified city of Corfu" in her book the Alexiad.[1]

The citadel features two peaks which were fortified by strong towers for centuries. The western and higher peak, which is closer to the town, was fortified by the Byzantines around the 12th century AD and was called Castel a Terra or "Castle near the Land" by the Venetians, who also called it Castel Nuovo or "New Castle".[1] The eastern peak was called Castel a Mare (Castel by the Sea) or Castel Vecchio (Old Castle) by the Venetians and was also used as powder magazine for a time.[1]

The bridge to the city and the Contrafossa. The hill of Castel a Terra is visible to the east of the main gate.

Following the Gothic invasion and until the 13th century, the medieval town of Corfu developed within the boundaries of the peninsula which today is occupied by the Old Fortress. In the early 15th century the Venetians started replacing the old Byzantine fortifications.[1]

Following the first siege of Corfu by the Ottomans in 1537, the Venetian governor ordered the construction of new defensive zones incorporating new bastions and towers which exist to this day. Venetian military engineers Savorgnan and Martinengo designed bastions for the fortress between 1545 and 1555, which are considered masterpieces of military engineering.[1]

As part of their defensive plans for the peninsula of the citadel, and to secure its perimeter, the Venetians created the Contrafossa, a moat which transformed the citadel into an artificial island. The moat exists to this day and is still known to the locals under its Italian name. Since the creation of Contrafossa, access to the citadel was by a drawbridge, which in modern times has been replaced by a permanent one.[1]

Ottoman sieges

The northern side of Contrafossa opening to the Gulf of Kerkyra. The sea channel separates the citadel from the island of Corfu. The bridge to the city is to the far right. The twin peaks of Castel a Terra and Castel a Mare are visible just above the Contrafossa to the right and left respectively.

The fort successfully repulsed all three major Ottoman sieges: the great siege of 1537, the siege of 1571 and the second great siege of Corfu in 1716.[1][2]

Siege of 1537

In 1537, during the Third Ottoman–Venetian War, Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent dispatched a force of 25,000 men under the command of admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa to attack Corfu. The Ottomans landed at Govino Bay, present day Gouvia, and proceeded toward Corfu town, destroying the village of Potamos as they made their way toward the city.[4]

The Old Fort, Corfu city's only fortification during that period, and the castle of Angelokastro were the only two places on the island not in the hands of the invaders at the time.[4] In undefended parts of the island, people were killed or captured as slaves by the Sultan's army.[5]

The bridge to the fortress as seen from Contrafossa.

Even at the Old Fortress, women, children and the elderly, called the inutili (useless) by the Venetians, were turned away and left outside the fort to die or be enslaved. The rejection of the people at the gates angered the Corfiots who lost faith in the effectiveness of Venice's defensive plans.[5]

The Corfu fortress was successfully defended by its garrison, as was Angelokastro. As it was retreating from Corfu, the Ottoman army devastated the undefended areas of both Corfu city and the island.[1] In total about 20,000 people who were unable to find shelter in either castle were killed or carried off as slaves.[2]

Siege of 1571

The south side of Contrafossa at the bay of Garitsa facing the facilities of the Nautical and Athletic Club of Corfu (NAOK)

In August 1571, the Ottomans made another attempt at conquering Corfu. Having seized Parga and Mourtos on the Greek mainland, they attacked the Paxoi islands, landing a force there.[6]

An Ottoman force, on its way to the city, first occupied and destroyed the village of Potamos.[6] Although the Corfu city castle stood firm, the rest of Corfu was destroyed and the defenseless civilian population outside the castles suffered heavy casualties. Homes, churches and public buildings were burned in the city suburbs.[7][8][9]

Siege of 1716

Main article: Siege of Corfu (1716)

In 1716, during the last Ottoman–Venetian War, the Ottomans made plans to attack Corfu again. In anticipation of the attack, Venice appointed Count Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg in charge of the defence of the fort. In preparation for the Turkish siege, Schulenburg further strengthened the defences of the Old Fortress.[1][2][10]

Statue of Count Schulenburg in front of the Fortress

On 6 July 1716 Kara Mustafa Pasha brought the Ottoman fleet to Corfu to lay siege to the fort. The Ottomans upon landing in Corfu established themselves in strategic positions and installed artillery situated on the nearby hills of Avrami and Sarocco and started bombarding the citadel.[1][2][10]

After fierce fighting with the Ottomans during which Schulenburg and the local Corfiote garrison distinguished themselves in battle, the Ottomans finally abandoned their plans of capturing the castle and departed Corfu on 19 August 1716 after a siege which lasted seven weeks.[2]

In the aftermath of the siege, the Venetians under Count Schulenburg developed plans to expand the fortifications of the city and a decision was taken to construct new forts atop the Avrami and Sarocco hills to prevent any future bombardment against the old fort. They also built an arsenal at Gouvia to service and repair their fleet.[2]

Catastrophe of 1718

Explosion inscription at the Palaio Frourio: "IGNIFERIS PILIS CUM PROXIMO LETHALIS PULVERIS CONDITORIO INCENSIS QUAM PLURIMA HOMINUM EDIUM MUNIMUM CEDE CONCUSSIONI RUINA FRANCISCUS FALETRUS PROCONSUL CUNCTIS INI INTEGRUM CELERI CURA RESTITUTIS MILITUM STATIONES ARCIS INGPRESSUM ET VIAM COMMODIUS REFECIT EX S(ENATUS) C(ONSULTO) ANNO MDCCXC"

In 1718 lightning struck the powder magazine at Castel da Mare causing an explosion which created a chain reaction during which three secondary ammunition facilities also exploded, this in turn destroying most buildings inside the castle including the palace of the Captain General of the fortress,[11] and many city buildings.[12]

The Venetian commander of the fortress, Captain Andrea Pisani, brother of the Doge of Venice Alvise Giovanni Mocenigo, was killed along with members of his staff.[11][13] Hundreds of others died in the explosion, in "one of the greatest catastrophes" in the history of Corfu.[2][12][13][14][15][16]

Schulenburg rebuilt the Old Fortress and constructed two new forts on Avrami and Sarocco hills by 1721. These were eventually demolished when Corfu was united with Greece as required by the Treaty of London (1864).[1][2]

Governor of the castle

The Fortress and the Bay of Garitsa to the south. The twin peaks Castel a Terra and Castel a Mare are visible. Ships anchored at the marina of the Nautical and Athletic Club of Corfu are in the foreground

The governors of the old and new fortresses were elected by the Venetian senate and they were appointed for a period of two years. Both captains were sworn before the senate and part of their oath was never to communicate with each other during their two-year tenure as governors of the fortresses. This was for security reasons in case one captain could persuade the other to commit treason against the republic.[17]

Bombardment

In 1923 the Old and New Fortresses were bombarded by the Italian Air Force during the Corfu Incident.[18]

Nazi occupation

The Fortress was used at the end of World War II by the Nazis to imprison the Jews of Corfu prior to their deportation from the island. On 8 June 1944 the Jews of Corfu were told to present themselves the next morning at the old Fort. When they heard the ultimatum, some Jewish people escaped to the countryside of Corfu but most, fearing for their families, went the morning of the 9th of June to the old Fort, as they had been told. There, the Nazis forced them to hand over their jewelry and keys to their properties, and subsequently they were led to the prison inside the Fortress. The incarceration of the Jews at the jail of the castle, under harsh conditions and without rudimentary amenities, lasted for days until finally they were transported to Lefkada and then in succession to Patras, Piraeus and Haidari, after which 1,800 Corfiot Jews were deported to the Birkenau extermination camp via rail.[19][20] Out of those who were forced to leave Corfu, 120 eventually returned.[19]

Modern times

Corfu library at Palaio Frourio
Hellenic Music Research Lab of the Ionian University at the Old Fortress just behind the castle marina

The Fortress houses the Public library of Corfu which is located in the old British barracks.[21] The fortress grounds are also used for various types of art and culture exhibits.[22][23]

The Hellenic Music Research Lab of the Ionian University is also located at the Old Fortress.[24]

Film

The Fortress was the location of a scene from the James Bond film For Your Eyes Only in which the Mercedes of the evil adversary of Bond, Emile Locque, gets pushed off a cliff by Bond.[25]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Stamatopoulos, Nondas (1993). Old Corfu: history and culture (3 ed.). N. Stamatopoulos. pp. 31, 158–162. where now stands the Old Fortress (see p. 158). This new town was called after its twin peaks Corypho (from the Greek «coryphe», summit), whence the modern western name of Corfu. (page 31)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j John Freely (28 April 2008). The Ionian Islands: Corfu, Cephalonia, Ithaka and Beyond. I. B. Tauris, Limited. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-1-84511-696-5. News of the treaty had barely reached Corfu when the town was struck by one of the greatest catastrophes in its history. This occurred on 28 October of that same year, when the powder magazine in the Old Fort was struck by lightning and exploded, destroying all the ...
  3. ^ A. B. Tataki (Director of Research of the National Hellenic Research Foundation) (1983). Corfu: History, Monuments, Museums. Ekdotike Athenon S.A. p. 20.
  4. ^ a b Miller, William, 1864-1945 (1921). Essays on the Latin Orient. Cambridge University Press Archive. pp. 218–219. GGKEY:JQX2NJ8ZB5P. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b Benjamin Arbel (2013). A Companion to Venetian History, 1400–1797. Brill. p. 210. ISBN 978-90-04-25252-3.
  6. ^ a b Spyros Katsaros (2003). Ιστορία της Κέρκυρας. Mellon. p. 257. ISBN 960-87976-0-8.
  7. ^ invenio.lib.auth.gr Aristotle University of Thessaloniki – Psifiothiki/Digital Library quote: The object of the doctoral thesis is the public buildings of Corfu during the venetian rule, 1571–1797. The research starts in 1571, the year of the second destruction of Corfu by the Ottoman Turks and ends in 1797 when the Venetian rule at Corfu finished.
  8. ^ enosieptanision Archived 27 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine quote: Το 1571 επανέρχονται οι Τούρκοι και πολιορκούν με μανία την πόλη χωρίς τελικά αποτέλεσμα, αλλά κατέστρεψαν το νησί από άκρον εις άκρου. Ύστερα από αυτά τα γεγονότα η Βενετία τειχίζει τη νέα πόλη με το λεγόμενο νέο φρούριο, προσπαθώντας να προστατέψει το νησί από τις επιδρομές των Τούρκων.
  9. ^ corfu.gr quote: Το αίτημα της αποτελεσματικότερης προστασίας επανέρχεται επιτακτικότερο μετά τη δεύτερη Τουρκική πολιορκία το 1571 όπου ενώ οι κυρίαρχοι παρέμειναν ασφαλείς πίσω από τα τείχη του Παλαιού Φρουρίου, στο μπόργο (προάστιο) κάηκαν σπίτια, εκκλησίες και δημόσια κτίρια και σφαγιάστηκε ο απλός λαός
  10. ^ a b David Le Roy (2004). The Ruins of the Most Beautiful Monuments of Greece. Getty Publications. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-89236-669-9.
  11. ^ a b John Julius Norwich (4 December 2007). The Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 388. ISBN 978-0-307-38772-1. Two months later to the day, in another of those terrifying Mediterranean summer storms, a bolt of lightning struck the powder magazine in the old fortress of Corfu. The explosion ignited three smaller ammunition stores, and the citadel was ...
  12. ^ a b The Edinburgh Gazetteer, Or Geographical Dictionary ...: Accompanied by an Atlas. A. Constable and Company. 1822. p. 340. In 1716, the Turks landed near this with a large force, but the garrison of Corfu made a gallant and successful defence. November 1718, the explosion of a powder magazine during a thunder storm, destroyed the old castle, the arsenal, and ...
  13. ^ a b Claude Frégnac (1968). Merveilles des palais italiens. Hachette. p. 53. Le capitaine général Andrea Pisani, frère du doge Alvise, avait été nommé en 1716 commandant de la flotte chargée de ... le maréchal Schulenburg et le provéditeur loredan, et fut tué dans l'île même, deux ans plus tard. par l'explosion d'une ...
  14. ^ Robin Barber (1995). Blue Guide, Greece. A & C Black. p. 481. ISBN 978-0-7136-3250-7. The heights are crowned by the 'Castel di Terra' with a semaphore and lighthouse, and the 'Castel de Mar', a Byzantine foundation, formerly the powder magazine. Explosions in the 18C destroyed most earlier work, but the W bastions are substantially as built in 1558 by Savorgnani...
  15. ^ Giuseppe Mazzariol; Attilia Dorigato (1990). Intérieurs vénitiens. Bibliothèque des art. p. 167. ISBN 9782850471711. à trois lumières qui se dressait sur le gaillard d'arrière de la galère d'Andrea Pisani, capitaine qui remporta de prestigieuses victoires sur les Turcs entre 1716 et 1718 et qui périt dans l'explosion de la poudrière de la forteresse de ...
  16. ^ E. Smedley; Hugh J. Rose; Henry J. Rose, eds. (1845). Encyclopædia metropolitana; or, Universal dictionary of knowledge. p. 79.
  17. ^ William Lithgow (1770). Travels and Voyages Through Europe, Asia, and Africa, for Nineteen Years ... J. Meuros. pp. 59–60.
  18. ^ Spyridōn Mouratidēs (2005). Prosphyges tēs Mikras Asias, Pontou kai Anatolikēs Thrakēs stēn Kerkyra 1922-1932. Themelio. p. 77. ISBN 9789603103066.
  19. ^ a b Mark Mazower (2001). Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941-44. Yale University Press. pp. 254–255. ISBN 978-0-300-08923-3.
  20. ^ Steven Bowman (7 October 2009). The Agony of Greek Jews, 1940–1945. Stanford University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8047-7249-5.
  21. ^ Magali Bodart; Arnaud Evrard (2011). PLEA 2011: Architecture & Sustainable Development: Conference Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 13-15 July, 2011. Presses univ. de Louvain. p. 595. ISBN 978-2-87463-277-8. Evaluating the Retrofitting of an Old Barrack into a Library: The Case Study of the Public Library of Corfu" presents the ... In 1994 the old barracks of Corfu were refurbished in order to hold The Public library and Archives of Corfu. ... a public library and archive on an island east of Corfu town, upon a peninsula, within the old fortress.
  22. ^ "Religious engravings from the Dori Papastratou collection". Byzantine Culture Museum. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. "Religious engravings from the Dori Papastratou collection" M.B.C., temporary exhibitions wing The exhibition was also mounted in the church of Saint George in the Old Fortress, Corfu
  23. ^ "Flying jazz super trio at the Old Fortress". Ionian University.
  24. ^ "Hellenic Music Research Lab (HMRL)". IONIAN UNIVERSITY-MUSIC DEPARTMENT.
  25. ^ "For Your Eyes Only (1981) Filming Locations". imdb. Cliffs, The Old Fortress, Corfu Town, Corfu, Greece (Bond kicks Mercedes off cliff with Locque in it)
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