Plaka

Plaka Πλάκα
Neighborhood
Typical houses of Plaka
Location within Athens
Coordinates: 37°58′20″N 23°43′50″E / 37.97222°N 23.73056°E / 37.97222; 23.73056
Country	Greece
Region	Attica
City	Athens
Website	www.cityofathens.gr

Pláka (Greek: Πλάκα) is the old historical neighborhood of Athens, clustered around the northern and eastern slopes of the Acropolis, and incorporating labyrinthine streets and neoclassical architecture. Plaka is built on top of the residential areas of the ancient town of Athens. It is known as the "Neighborhood of the Gods" due to its proximity to the Acropolis and its many archaeological sites.^[1][2]

The toponym Plaka is first attested in the second half of the 17th century. Up until the era of Otto, it pertained only to the area around the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates (locals knew it as "Kandili 'lantern' of Demosthenes"^[3] at least since 1460, or just as kandili); it was only after 1834 that the toponym's application gradually expanded to eventually include the entire area between today's Makrygianni Street and the Ancient Agora.^[4] Prior of that, the local Athenians referred to the area by various other names, such as Alikokkou, Kontito, Kandili, or by the names of the local churches.^[5] In particular, Alikokkou was the name of the broader area of what is now Plaka, until the early 20th century, and was one of the divisions into which Athens was divided during the Ottoman era;^[6] the toponym Alikokkou derived from the surname of a family who was likely of Frankish origin, but had been Hellenized.^[7]

Some have suggested that the toponym Plaka derives from the Arvanitika Pliak Athena, meaning 'Old Athens'; from Albanian plak 'old'.^[8][9][10] Others have suggested that it derives from the presence of a plaque (Greek: πλάκα; romanized: plaka) which once marked its central intersection.^[6] The latter view is also supported by linguist Charalampos Symeonides (2010), who stated that Plaka is a common Medieval and Modern Greek toponym that can be found throughout Greece, and is attested as early as 1089; in the case of Athens, it denoted a place with ancient plaques or marbles.^[11]

Plaka is on the northeast slope of Acropolis, between Syntagma and Monastiraki square. Adrianou Street (running north and south) is the largest and most central street in Plaka and divides it into two areas: the upper level, - Ano Plaka - located right under the Acropolis and the lower level - Kato Plaka - situated between Syntagma and Monastiraki.

Plaka was developed mostly around the ruins of Ancient Agora of Athens.^[12] It is the oldest district of Athens and has been continuously inhabited from the neolithic to the present day.^[13] As a result, Plaka contains monuments form all periods of the city's history. Some of the streets, such as Adrianou and Tripodon, can be traced back to the ancient era.^[13] The population of Athens grew during the early 16th century, and the town experienced another urban development after the one which occurred in 1456, this time towards the north-east, again mainly by the settlement of Albanians who had moved in the region several years before the Ottoman arrival. After the Ottoman conquest, these settlements occurred in Attica in one wave after the Venetian loss of its Morean strongholds in 1540, and in another wave after a revolt in the Morea in 1570, when the Ottoman administration decreed the mandatory settlement of Albanians in Attica, in order to offer them improving living conditions. The such created north-eastern district of Athens later became known as Plaka.^[8] During that period, Plaka was also the home of the Greek aristocratic Benizelos family, the family that Saint Philothei came from.^[14][15] In the mid-17th century, out of the eight main administrative units (platomata) in Athens, it appears Plaka was the least densely inhabited.^[16]

During the Greek War of Independence, Plaka like the rest of Athens, was temporarily abandoned by its inhabitants because of the severe battles that took place in 1826. The area was repopulated during the first years of the reign of Otto of Greece. Plaka had a sizable Albanian community till the late 19th century, and as a result it was the Albanian quarter of Athens.^{[17][18][19][20][9]} They had their own courts where they used the Albanian language. Their descendants nowadays have been assimiliated into the Greek nation in considerable numbers. This happened through Greek control over the education system.^[17] At the same period the neighborhood of Anafiotika, featuring traditional Cycladic architecture, was built by settlers from the Aegean island of Anafi.^[21]

Plaka assumed its present form in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Following Greek independence, the area grew rapidly. Plaka became inhabited by a mixed population, that included old Athenian families as well as an influx of newcomers, such as artisans, professionals, military personnel, and others. In 1884 a fire burned down a large part of the neighborhood which gave the opportunity for the archaeologists to conduct excavations in the Roman Market and Hadrian’s library. Excavations have been taking place continuously since the 19th century. Growth continued until World War 2. From the 1950s until the 1970s, Plaka experienced some degradation, as a result of the post-war construction boom, the increase in motor cars, and the tourist boom.^[13] In the 1980s, a comprehensive preservation plan was implemented, and the area improved rapidly. Nowadays Plaka is a major tourist destination.

Plaka is visited by hundreds of thousands of tourists around the year,^[22] and is under strict zoning and conservation regulations, as the only neighborhood in Athens where all utilities (water, power, cable television, telephone, internet, and sewage) lie underground in fully accessible, custom-made tunneling.

Museums in Plaka include:

• Acropolis Museum
• Athens University Museum
• Frissiras Museum
• Jewish Museum of Greece^[23]
• Museum of Greek Folk Art, an annex of which is the Old Public Baths building
• Museum of Greek Folk Musical Instruments
• Museum of Pavlos and Alexandra Kanellopoulou

Many movies of the Greek cinema were filmed in the area. Some of them include:

• And the Wife Shall Revere Her Husband
• The Drunkard (film)
• What If..., Christoforos Papakaliatis movie
• Woe to the Young

• 
  Choragic Monument of Lysicrates
• 
  Ancient Roman columns
• 
  "Karolos Koun" theatre
• 
  Athens University Museum
• 
  Polygnotou street
• 
  Neoclassical houses
• 
  Detail of a building
• 
  Agios Nikolaos Ragava Byzantine church
• 
  The Benizelos mansion
• 
  Typical souvenir shop

• Karani, Ioanna (2007). "Οικοδομικές επεμβάσεις στον ναό της Αγίας Αικατερίνης στην Πλάκα κατά τον 19ο και τις αρχές του 20ου αιώνα". Deltion of the Christian Archaeological Society (in Greek). 28: 147–156. ISSN 1105-5758.
• Karidis, Dimitris N. (2014). Athens from 1456 to 1920 : the town under Ottoman rule and the 19th-century capital city. Archaeopress. Oxford. ISBN 978-1-78491-072-3. OCLC 976023576.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Μιχελή, Λίζα (1994) [1985]. Πλάκα: Ιστορική μνήμη και μυθοπλασία (in Greek). Γαλάτεια. ISBN 9789602350966.
• Smith, Michael Llewellyn (2004). Athens: A Cultural and Literary History. Signal Books. ISBN 978-1-902669-81-6.
• Symeonides, Charalampos P. (2010). Ετυμολογικό Λεξικό των Νεοελληνικών Οικωνυμίων (in Greek). Vol. 2. Kykkos Monastery Research Centre. ISBN 978-960-92762-2-1.
• Miller, William (1922). "Ἀθηναϊκον Ἀρχοντολόγιον. Α′. Οἱ ἄρχοντες Μπενιζέλοι. By D. G. Kampouroglos. Athens: Sidéres, 1921". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 42 (1). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 127–128. doi:10.2307/625955. ISSN 0075-4269. JSTOR 625955. S2CID 163294353.
• Miller, William (1932). "The 'Gennadeion': Dr. Gennadius' Monument at Athens". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 52 (2). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 297–302. doi:10.2307/625995. ISSN 0075-4269. JSTOR 625995. S2CID 157037357.
• Vryonis, Speros (2002). "The Ghost of Athens in Byzantine and Ottoman Times". Balkan Studies. 43 (1): 5–115.

Media related to Plaka at Wikimedia Commons