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RAI

This article is about the Italian national broadcasting company. For other uses, see Rai (disambiguation).

RAI – Radiotelevisione italiana S.p.A.
Company typeSocietà per azioni (S.p.A.), state-owned
IndustryMass media
Founded
  • 1924; 100 years ago (1924) (as URI)
  • 1944; 80 years ago (1944) (as RAI)
  • 1954; 70 years ago (1954) (as RAI S.p.A.)
FounderGovernment of Italy
Headquarters14 Viale Giuseppe Mazzini
Rome, Italy
Area served
Italy and other neighbouring countries in the European Union, Tunisia, Switzerland, Albania, Bosnia, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino, and Vatican City
Key people
Products
Services
RevenueIncrease €2.52 billion (2021)[1]
Increase €30.44 million (2021)[2]
OwnerMinistry of Economy and Finance
Number of employees
12,605 (2023)[2]
Subsidiaries
  • Rai Way
  • Rai Pubblicità S.p.A.
  • Rai Com S.p.A.
  • Rai Cinema S.p.A.
  • 01 Distribution S.r.l.
Website

RAI – Radiotelevisione italiana[3] (Italian: [ˈrai ˌradjoteleviˈzjoːne itaˈljaːna]), commercially styled as Rai since 2000 and known until 1954 as Radio Audizioni Italiane (RAI),[a] is the national public broadcasting company of Italy, owned by the Ministry of Economy and Finance. RAI operates many terrestrial and subscription television channels and radio stations. It is one of the biggest broadcasters in Europe, and the biggest in Italy competing with Mediaset[5] and other minor radio and television networks. RAI has a relatively high television audience share of 35.9%.[6]

RAI broadcasts are also received in surrounding countries, including Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, France, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino, Slovenia, Switzerland, Serbia, Tunisia, and the Vatican City, and elsewhere on pay television and some channels FTA across Europe including UK on the Hotbird satellite. Half of RAI's revenues come from the broadcast receiving licence fees, the remainder from the sale of advertising time.[7][8] In 1950, RAI became one of the 23 founding members of the European Broadcasting Union.

Structure

RAI is 99% owned by the Italian Government Ministry of Economy and Finance and is the sole licencee (concessionaria in esclusiva) of the radio, television, and multimedia broadcasting public service. For this reason, the agreement with the Government prescribes a series of rules and guarantees that RAI must follow to ensure fair public service to the citizens.[9]

Management and Board of Directors are elected by the ruling Parliament through the Parliamentary Commission for the General Direction and Supervision of Broadcasting Services (Commissione parlamentare per l'indirizzo generale e la vigilanza dei servizi radiotelevisivi), every three years, in agreement with almost all parliamentary exponents, usually following the political side of the majority and leaving some space for minor roles to minority parties exponents.[10][11]

RAI is formally a private joint-stock company (società per azioni), although all stocks are state-owned; its company statute describes how the strict relationship with the Republic is also ruled by different national laws. The most recent one is the 2015 Riforma della Rai, "Rai Reform", i.e. the 2015 law no. 220, including the Testo unico della Radiotelevisione ('Consolidated Law on Radio and Television'). RAI and broadcasting are supervised by the commission, which also rules economic budgets and main regulations, including public service's electoral segments during electoral campaigns.

History

1924

Unione Radiofonica Italiana (URI) was formed in 1924 with the backing of the Marconi Company following a model adopted in other European countries. URI made its inaugural broadcast—a speech by Benito Mussolini (1883–1945) at Teatro Costanzi—on 5 October. Regular programming began the following evening, with a quartet performing Haydn's Quartet No. 7 in A major from Palazzo Corradi. At 21.00 CET, Ines Donarelli Viviani announced for the first time: "URI—Unione Radiofonica Italiana Rome station 1RO 425 metres wavelength. To all those who are listening our greetings, good evening."[12] Guglielmo Marconi's S.A. Radiofono—Società Italiana per le Radiocomunicazioni Circolari (Radiofono) held 85% of URI shares and Western Electric's Società Italiana Radio Audizioni Circolari (SIRAC) held the remaining 15%.

Under the provisions of Royal Decree No. 1067 of 8 February 1923, wireless broadcasting became a state monopoly under the control of the Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs; URI was commissioned to provide services for a minimum of six years pursuant to Royal Decree No. 2191 of 14 October 1924 Concessione dei servizi radioauditivi circolari alla Società Anonima Unione Radiofonica Italiana.[13] When URI's contract expired in 1927, it was succeeded under Royal Decree Law No. 2207 of 17 November 1927 by the partially nationalised Ente Italiano per le Audizioni Radiofoniche (EIAR), which became Radio Audizioni Italiane S.p.A. (RAI) with investment from Società Idroelettrica Piemontese (SIP) in 1944.

1940s

During the reconstruction following World War II, much of RAI's early programming was influenced by the "Reithian" style of the BBC. The emphasis was on educational content. Programs such as Non è mai troppo tardi and Un viaggio al Po introduced people to what life was like in other parts of the country, at a time when most people could not afford to travel.

Over the following years, RAI made various changes to its services. It reorganised its radio stations in November 1946 into two national networks, Rete Rossa and Rete Azzurra ('Red Network' and 'Blue Network'). It added the culture-based Terzo Programma in October 1950. On 1 January 1952, the Rete Rossa became the Programma Nazionale (focusing on informational content) and the Rete Azzurra became the Secondo Programma (with a greater emphasis on entertainment). The three radio channels eventually became today's Rai Radio 1, Rai Radio 2, and Rai Radio 3.

1950s

In 1954, the state-owned holding company Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI) became the sole shareholder and URI—now renamed RAI – Radiotelevisione italiana to reflect its extended responsibilities—finally began a regular television service. On 3 January at 11:00 CET, the first RAI television announcer presented the day's schedule, which was broadcast from the service's Milan headquarters and relay stations in Turin and Rome. At 14:30, the first regular programme in Italian television history was broadcast: Arrivi e partenze, hosted by Armando Pizzo and Mike Bongiorno. The evening's entertainment was a theatre performance, L'osteria della posta, written by Carlo Goldoni. 23:15 saw the start of the day's concluding programme, La Domenica Sportiva—the first edition of a weekly series which continues to this day.[14]

2000s

RAI was originally the subsidiary of RAI Holding S.p.A. RAI Holding was absorbed into RAI as of 1 December 2004, per Article 21 of Law 112/04. RAI is governed by a nine-member Administrative Council. Seven of the members are elected by a committee of the Italian Parliament. The other two (one of which is the president) are nominated by the largest shareholder: the Ministry of Economic Development. The Council appoints the Director-General. The Director-General and the members of the Administrative Council are appointed for a renewable three-year term.

In 2005, the government of Silvio Berlusconi proposed partial privatisation of RAI by selling 20% of its ownership. This proposal was very controversial, in part because Berlusconi was the head of the leading private broadcaster Mediaset. Some critics stated that Mediaset could become the buyer and thus increase its dominant position. After the revelation that RAI would lose €80m ($96m, £54m) in 2006, the privatisation plan was suspended in October 2005.[15][16]

2010s

On 18 May 2010, Raisat received a major upgrade and re-branded with a new logo and a new name. It and all of the sister channels dropped the sat part from the name and became Rai YoYo, Rai 5 (formerly known as Rai Extra), Rai Premium, and Rai Movie (formerly known as Raisat Cinema). On 11 June 2013, RAI was one of the few European broadcasters to condemn and criticise the closure of Greece's state broadcaster ERT. RAI is 99% owned by the Italian Government Ministry of Economy and Finance, so it is said that it broadcasts content that may politically influence people.[17][18]

Corporate identity

  • Logo used from 1944 to 1954 uses via roma font
    Logo used from 1944 to 1954 uses via roma font
  • The Erberto Carboni logo used from 3 January 1954 to 1970
    The Erberto Carboni logo used from 3 January 1954 to 1970
  • RAI logo from 3 October 1983 to 26 September 1988 (Studio ARA)
    RAI logo from 3 October 1983 to 26 September 1988 (Studio ARA)
  • The Giorgio Macchi redesign used from 26 September 1988 to 16 March 2000
    The Giorgio Macchi redesign used from 26 September 1988 to 16 March 2000
  • The "butterfly" logo used from 16 March 2000 to 17 May 2010 (AReA)
    The "butterfly" logo used from 16 March 2000 to 17 May 2010 (AReA)
  • RAI logo from 18 May 2010 to 11 September 2016 (FrameByFrame)
    RAI logo from 18 May 2010 to 11 September 2016 (FrameByFrame)
  • Current variation of the logo introduced on 12 September 2016
    Current variation of the logo introduced on 12 September 2016

The Alberto Ribera logo was introduced in 1967, however, this did not have significant application except on studios and portable cameras. A second variation of the Carboni logo was introduced in 1977, which was not officially adopted but appeared in some graphics, including that of the time signal.[19]

Controversies

Political fairness and balance between public service and commercial TV market

RAI's broadcasts content and nominees are frequently accused of political bias,[17][18] depending both on the management for each channel or programme, and on the lack of meritocracy[clarification needed] in contracts with television hosts and also technicians, also concerting cachets[clarification needed] and salaries.[20] However, many people underline that RAI needs to balance political equity and public services with the market rules and competitors.[21] All these issues are ongoing.

RAI's main channels are considered slightly politically oriented: Rai 1 is liberal or centre-right, Rai 2 is usually more right-oriented, while Rai 3 typically has the majority of left oriented programmes and hosts Fabio Fazio and Bianca Berlinguer, or the journalistic deep investigation programme Report, famous for its investigations over far-right scandals.[22] This issue in Italy is referred as lottizzazione and is yet to be solved.

Political censorship and civil rights advocacy controversies

RAI is frequently subjected to controversies and censorship accusations regarding political matters, especially civil rights and LGBT issues. The broadcaster was strongly accused in 2008 of cutting the gay love scene of the Oscar-winning movie Brokeback Mountain. RAI initially apologised for the cut, explaining that the cut was due to a pre-cut edition originally planned for the prime-time slot, and wasn't corrected when airing was shifted to the late-night slot. Critics noticed that similar scenes of heterosexual lovers were never cut out before in prime-time and reinforcing the accusation of homophobic censorship.[23] The company rescheduled a new uncut version of the movie, but this was aired again in an even later time slot, a choice seen as a confirmation of the accusation. Only two years later, the movie aired again with all homosexual sex and kisses cut off. RAI was forced again to apologise, accusing a problem" with the pre-cut edition by the distribution company and a lack of fact-checking by the RAI employee.[24][25]

In 2011, episode 125 of the German TV Soap Um Himmels Willen ('For Heaven's Sake'), shown in Italy since 2004, was entitled Romeo and Romeo and due to screen on Rai 1 but was left out in order to "avoid controversy", according to the broadcaster.[26] In 2016, during the first clear broadcast of the show How to Get Away with Murder, on Rai 2, the gay kisses for one of the main characters (portrayed by Jack Falahee) were completely cut off. RAI apologised again, stating that the incident was "merely the mistake of an overzealous editor".[27] Criticism on the social media platforms was so strong that Falahee and showrunner Shonda Rhimes both tweeted against the network's "inexcusable" censorship.[28][29][30]

Fedez controversy

In 2021, another accusation was made against RAI by Italian rapper Fedez. During the 1 May Concertone, a traditional Italian TV broadcast concert in celebration of the International Workers' Day, the rapper was invited to perform and have a speech on the stage. The rapper honoured the entertainment workers affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and spent half of his speech in support of legislation that would punish violence against women and LGBT people as hate crimes in Italy. During his speech, he recalled all the political exponents' hate speech (confirmed by videos or sentenced by court) during the late years, and accused Rai 3's executive of trying censoring his speech by order of superiors as "this is how it works". RAI immediately denied all accusations and Fedez leaked a recorded audio of the conversation between him and the executives, where managers and hosts (declaring their names and roles to him) tried to censor his speech, by "asking you to adapt to a system that you probably don't get".[31][32][33]

After the video was reposted by all national media and web news sites, RAI sued the rapper, while a parliamentary investigation was opened. Fedez replied he was proud and ready to face the court, and he said he was available as a testimony for the RAI's Superior Commission.[34] Fedez's accusation was one of the biggest media scandals of RAI, as not only all political parties took sides in the cause (centre and left in favour of the rapper, including ex-prime ministers Giuseppe Conte and Enrico Letta, while right and far-right parties in favour of RAI, including Matteo Salvini and Giorgia Meloni's colleagues).[31] The scandal increased when the parliamentary commission denied a hearing with Fedez, only speaking with RAI's executives. In the very much criticised email answer (which screenshot was published by Fedez on Instagram) the Office of the Commission stated that even if not prohibited by law, it was not custom to invite external people to the Commission investigation. Fedez replied to the email with only three clown emojis, a fact that further angered the far-right politicians.[35]

In July, the new board of RAI was elected, including the CEO and executives; this led to RAI's CEO Fuortes revealing not only the withdrawal of the action in court for failing all the required accusatory elements but also that no legal action was ever meant by the new management. Far-right exponents opened a parliamentary question over the withdrawal.[36][37] After the CEO's declaration, no other details were said about any apology or agreement with Fedez: nonetheless, the rapper was invited by Fabio Fazio to the first episode of the new season of his late show.[38] Following the 2021 controversy, Fedez reinforced some controversy against RAI when he announced he was not invited to the 2022 Concertone for the first time.[39]

Editorial independence

Shortly after the Meloni government took office in October 2022, influential managers were replaced, and well-known journalists and presenters such as Fabio Fazio, Bianca Berlinguer, and Lucia Annunziata left RAI. In 2023, Giorgia Meloni was accused of pressuring out the head of RAI for not supporting her political agenda.[40] In 2024, Meloni called for her government's ministers to be given more speaking time in the European election campaign. In doing so, she called on the RAI to violate the law "par conditiono", according to which all parties must receive the same amount of broadcasting time. The resistance to this was massive, and the plans are off the table for the time being.[41]

Accusing of censorship on Liberation Day 2024

Antonio Scurati, a well-known Italian writer and expert of the history of fascism, was commissioned by the public broadcaster RAI to read a speech on the day of liberation from fascism (Italian: Festa della Liberazione) on 25 April. However, at short notice, Scurati was disinvited again and was no longer allowed to give his speech. The presenter of the show did not want to accept that and quickly decided to read out his words in front of the camera.[42]

A passage from Scurati states, "As long as those who govern us do not utter the word anti-fascism, the specter of fascism will continue to haunt the house of Italian democracy." It is a clear criticism of Prime Minister Meloni, because the leader of the Fratelli d'Italia party has not distanced herself from her party's fascist beginnings.

He was turned down for ideological and political reasons, Scurati told the German public broadcaster ARD. "I criticized the fact that, during the 19 months of Meloni's government, the Prime Minister insisted on the reading of history that corresponds to her neo-fascist background, i.e. she shifted the blame for the slaughter and massacres onto the German Nazis, even though the fascists of Salò were accomplices and collaborators."[42]

Budget and unjustified expenses

RAI was investigated and fined (with many executives arrested or fired) for unjustified expenses and suspicious gifts.[43] It was noticed that, frequently, dinners, expensive watches and jewellery were all paid by RAI for unknown people outside the company.[44] In 2022, a new scandal was investigated by the Guardia di Finanza surrounding corruption and bribes. At least 5 people in total were arrested, while the investigation is still ongoing.[45]

TV channels

Current channels

In high definition and ultra definition

Name Launched Description
Rai 1 3 January 1954 Generalist and family-oriented
Rai 2 4 November 1961 Generalist, catering towards youth/urban audiences
Rai 3 15 December 1979 Cultural and regional programming
Rai 4 14 July 2008 Youth/urban programming and movies
Rai 5 26 November 2010 Arts and culture programming
Rai 4K [it] 17 June 2016 Ultra HD 4K programming channel
Rai Movie 1 July 1999 Films
Rai Premium 31 July 2003 Popular fiction and films
Rai Gulp 1 June 2007 Shows for pre-teens
Rai Yoyo 1 November 2006 Shows for young children
Rai News 24 26 April 1999 Rolling news coverage
Rai Storia 2 February 2009 Documentaries about history and culture
Rai Sport 14 September 2015 Sports coverage news
Rai Scuola 19 October 2009 Documentary, cultural and educational

Programming on Rai 1/2/3 and Sport via satellite is encrypted outside Italy due to programming and sports rights.

International

Name Launched Description
Rai Italia 1 January 1992 Catered towards Italian expatriates
Rai World Premium [it] 6 May 2013 Italian culture and national TV shows

Regional

Name Launched Language Region
Rai Alto Adige [it] 1960 Italian Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Rai Ladinia 26 September 1988 Ladin Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Rai Südtirol 7 February 1966 German Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Rai 3 BIS FJK [it] 1995 Italian and Slovene Friuli-Venezia Giulia/Furlanija Julijska Krajina
Rai Vd'A [it] 1968 Italian and French Valle d'Aosta/Vallée d'Aoste

Discontinued channels

Radio stations

Rai Radio logo (September 2017)

Current stations

On FM, AM, Satellite, DAB/DAB+, DTT, Filodiffusion, Web:

Regional stations:

Only on Satellite, DAB/DAB+, DTT, Filodiffusion and Web:

Discontinued stations

Divisions and subsidiaries

Strutture Rai [it] ('Rai Structures') is a news organisation internal to RAI, or rather an internal management and division, created in order to independently manage the programs broadcast on the generalist and, in particular, thematic networks. After 2000, RAI reorganised its corporate structure with the creation of specific structures, listed here:

  • Rai Cinema [it] (1998–): film production company
  • Rai Click [it] (2000–2009): television programs on demand, later replaced by Rai On [it]
  • Rai Com [it] (2015–): promotes the marketing rights of the productions
  • Rai Pubblicità [it] (1926–): advertising agency
  • Rai Corporation [it] (1960–2012): production, distribution, and marketing in the United States
  • RaiNet [it] (1999–2014): managed the web portals from the rai.it and rai.tv domains
  • RaiSat (1997–2010): subsidiary created to produce thematic TV channels for satellite television
  • Rai Trade [it] (1987–2011): promoted the marketing rights of the productions
  • Rai World [it] (2011–14), previously Rai Internazionale [it] (1995–2011): radio and television distribution abroad, operated Rai Italia
  • Rai Way (1999–): broadcasting network for the distribution of the broadcast signal
  • Sacis [it] (1955–1997): television rights management and marketing

Other services

Rai Libri

Main article: Rai Libri
Rai Libri
Formerly
  • Rai Eri (1996–2018)
  • Nuova Eri (1987–1995)
  • Edizioni Radio Italiana (ERI) (1949–1987)
IndustryPublishing
Genre
  • Magazines
  • Broadcast schedules
  • Media reports
PredecessorURI/RAI
Founded1949; 75 years ago (1949) in Turin, Italy
Headquarters
18 Via Umberto Novaro, Rome
,
Italy
Revenue2,360,000,000 Euro (2020) 
Number of employees
12,751 (2021) 
ParentRAI

Rai Libri is the print publishing arm of RAI. It primarily publish magazines and periodicals for news, entertainment, the broadcast industry, and since its inception, broadcast schedules. Since 1969, it has also published the Dictionary of Orthography and Pronunciation [Wikidata], the largest Italian dictionary of its type.

Publishing history

RAI's history in print with the Unione Radiofonica Italiana (URI)'s weekly magazine Radio Orario which debuted in January 1925 and became Radiocorriere in 1930. Edizioni Radio Italiana (ERI) was founded in 1949 in Turin, formed entirely from RAI capital to build on Radiocorriere's success. In 1954 primary ownership was split between RAI and Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI).[46] That same year Radiocorriere became Radiocorriere TV, which would continue to be published until RAI divested in 1995.[47]

During the 50s and 60s the ERI published Classe Unica, L'Approdo letterario [it] and L'Approdo Musicale [it], and in 1969 the first edition of the DOP. The 80s saw the premiere of the monthlies Moda (1983) and King (1987),[48] along with registering a new company name in 1987: Nuova Eri Edizioni Rai-Radiotelevisione Italiana S.p.A., or "Nuova Eri".[46]

Since the 1990s, RAI/ERI has increasingly focused on publishing books written by its own broadcast stars, both in news and entertainment. In 1995 Nuova ERI closed and reopened in 1997 as "Rai Eri".[49] On 15 October 2018, they renamed to "Rai Libri". Rai Libri also edits technical publications: Elettronica e telecomunicazioni since 1946,[50] Nuova rivista musicale italiana since 1967,[51] and Nuova civiltà delle macchine since 1957.[52] It produces its own reports on communications and media, with the second edition of the book-and-documentary RicordeRai released in 2004 in collaboration with Rai Teche.

Radiocorriere TV

Main article: Radiocorriere TV

RAI (originally URI) had printed its broadcast schedules nearly without interruption starting in 1925 as Radio Orario, then from 1930 as Radiocorriere,[53][54] then continuously from 1954 as Radiocorriere TV, until RAI divested in 1995. The magazine was restarted under publisher Rcc edizioni [it] with a print edition from 1999 to 2008, closing due to poor sales. It reopened in 2012 as an online-only publication, with a handful of special-occasion independent print runs in the intervening years, including 2005 (its 80th anniversary),[55] 2010 (switchover to DTTV),[56] and 2011 (150th anniversary of the unification of Italy).[57] The Rai Ufficio Stampa website has published programming schedules and television blurbs online since 2011 under the magazine's name. On 3 January 2014, Rai Teche published online the complete 1925–1995 archives of URI/RAI's Radio Orario/Radiocorriere/TV.[58]

Headquarters and offices

Seat Centers of television production Auditoriums/theatres Studios
Rome Centro radiotelevisivo "Biagio Agnes", Saxa Rubra 16
Rome CPTV Via Teulada, 66 9
Rome CPTV Studi "Fabrizio Frizzi", Via Ettore Romagnoli, 30 6
Rome Teatro delle Vittorie 1 theatre
Rome Auditorium of Foro Italico 1 auditorium
Milan CP Corso Sempione, 27 3 auditoriums 5
Milan CPTV Via Mecenate, 76 4
Naples CP Viale Marconi, 9 1 auditorium 7
Turin CP Via Verdi, 16 1 auditorium 6

Local offices

Foreign offices

There are RAI offices in foreign countries, which produce news reports that are broadcast live in Italy. These offices are in Brussels, Paris, Berlin, London, New York City, Beijing, Cairo, Jerusalem, Nairobi, Moscow, Rio de Janeiro, and Bangkok.

Finances

Debt level

As March 2015, RAI has a debt of €442 million and the Italian Court of Audit was worried about the size of RAI's debt for the impact that this may have on Italian people, as the company is owned by the state.[59]

Mandatory annual fee on all televisions in Italy

Italians must purchase an annual television licence for about €90 every year in order to legally own a TV or HDTV. It is known as Canone Rai, "Rai Tax", because it is used to part-fund the RAI. Since 2016, it is financed through the electricity bill.[60]

Over-the-top media service

RaiPlay is RAI's over-the-top media service (OTT). It covers viewers across multiple devices such as computers, tablets, smartphones. The service's website contains all RAI's radio stations and television channel.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Originally a distinction was made in Italian between wireless telegraphy (radiofonia) and wireless telephony (radioaudizione circolare). The latter term has now fallen into disuse.[4]

References

  1. ^ [https://www.rai.it/dl/doc/1716985918037_Bilancio%20Rai%202023.pdf (in English) Retrieved 4 March 2023
  2. ^ a b Reports and Financial Statements as of 31 December 2021 (in English) Retrieved 4 March 2023
  3. ^ "Rai.it – Il gruppo Rai". rai.it. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  4. ^ La radio in Italia cronologia. Archived 18 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian). Retrieved on 28 November 2007.
  5. ^ Pusterla, Sabrina (27 November 2018). "The Italian Television System Explained". Italics Magazine. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  6. ^ "RAI – Un 2019 ricco di ascolti tra film, fiction, sport e programmi TV". Cinemaitaliano.info. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  7. ^ "Basta con il governo padrone, così cambierà la Tv pubblica". Archived 27 December 2007 at archive.today (in Italian). Retrieved on 10 October 2007.
  8. ^ "DDL Riforma Rai". Archived 13 December 2007 at archive.today (in Italian). Italian Ministry of Communications. Retrieved on 10 October 2007.
  9. ^ "RAI". Mise.gov.it (in Italian). Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  10. ^ RAI under the Center-Right: Wither 50 Years of Public Service Television? by Matthew Hibberd, in Italian Politics: Vol. 19, Italy between Europeanization and Domestic Politics,
  11. ^ "RAI under the Center-Right: Wither 50 Years of Public Service Television? by Matthew Hibberd, in Italian Politics: Vol. 19, Italy between Europeanization and Domestic Politics, 2003, Berghahn Books".
  12. ^ The Origins of radio broadcasting in Italy Archived 7 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine Comitato Guglielmo Marconi International (retrieved 27 November 2011)
  13. ^ Gazzetta Ufficiale No. 11 of 15 January 1925 pp. 164-167
  14. ^ retrieved on 2009-06-21 Archived 7 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian)
  15. ^ "'RAI's privatisation is de facto suspended', its new director general, Alfredo Meocci, told a parliamentary watchdog committee". Archived from the original on 14 May 2006. Retrieved 28 March 2006.
  16. ^ "Berlusconi halts plan to sell off state broadcaster". Financial Times. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
  17. ^ a b "Il pubblico in fuga da una Rai faziosa". 17 May 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
  18. ^ a b ""Rai faziosa" Brunetta lancia l'osservatorio online". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
  19. ^ Storia ed evoluzione del logo RAI – Radiotelevisione italiana (retrieved 14 March 2020)
  20. ^ "Bruno Vespa, Fabio Fazio e il caso stipendi Rai: La verità sui due contratti e le loro differenze". 3 February 2019.
  21. ^ "Rai: Servizio pubblico o Tv commerciale?". 30 May 2016.
  22. ^ "Italian Broadcaster Faces Probe After Uncovering Lega Nord Scandal".
  23. ^ "Italy's RAI chided for cutting Brokeback Mountain". Reuters. 10 December 2008.
  24. ^ "Brokeback Mountain: Il bacio censurato di nuovo dalla Rai - Gay.it". Gay.it.
  25. ^ Anatrone, Sole; Heim, Julia (2020). Queering Italian Media by Sole Anatrone and Julia Hem, 2022, Lexington Books. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781793616111.
  26. ^ "Gay marriage banned from Italian state TV channel". 12 September 2011.
  27. ^ "Bacio gay: Rai2 lo censura. Polemic social, la replica: "Eccesso di pudore"". 9 July 2016.
  28. ^ "Shonda Rhimes, Jack Falahee Blast Rai Uno for Censoring HGTAWM Gay Sex Scene".
  29. ^ "La scena gay tagliata e la vera sfida Rai verso la modernità". 11 July 2016.
  30. ^ "Italian Broadcaster Rai Apologizes for Cutting 'How to Get Away with Murder' Gay Sex Scene". The Hollywood Reporter. 10 July 2016.
  31. ^ a b "Italian rapper Fedez accuses state TV of censorship attempt". BBC News. 2 May 2021.
  32. ^ Balmer, Crispian (2 May 2021). "Italian rapper attacks League over LGBT+, accuses RAI of censorship". Reuters.
  33. ^ "State broadcaster in Italy under fire after 'censoring' rapper". TheGuardian.com. 3 May 2021.
  34. ^ "Concertone, Lega: La Rai querela Fedez, atto dovuto. Ma lui: "Io orgogliosissimo, rifarei quel che ho fatto"". 24 May 2021.
  35. ^ "Concertone, Fedez invia alla Commissione di Vigilanza Rai una mail con tre pagliacci". 26 May 2021.
  36. ^ "Fedez, la Rai rinuncia a fargli causa dopo le accuse di censura al Concertone del Primo Maggio". October 2021.
  37. ^ "Sorpresa in commissione Vigilanza: La Rai non ha mai querelato Fedez". 12 October 2021.
  38. ^ "Pace fatta tra Rai e Fedez: Ritirata la querela e ritorno in tv per il rapper". 2 October 2021.
  39. ^ "Concertone: Fedez polemico, 'mio invito deve essersi perso' - Musica". May 2022.
  40. ^ "How is Giorgia Meloni taking control of Italian cultural institutions?". 10 May 2023.
  41. ^ Pongratz, Elisabeth. "Italiens Staatsender RAI: Zensurvorwurf gegen Regierungschefin Meloni". tagesschau.de (in German). Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  42. ^ a b Pongratz, Elisabeth. "Italiens Staatsender RAI: Zensurvorwurf gegen Regierungschefin Meloni". tagesschau.de (in German). Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  43. ^ "La Finanza in Rai, indagine dopo esposto sulle spese di viaggio di Monica Maggioni". 25 October 2017.
  44. ^ Denise Pardo (15 May 2008). L'Espresso (ed.). "Rai: l'orgia del potere". Archived from the original on 22 June 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
  45. ^ "Appalti Rai: l'Indagine si allarga, nel mirino maxi-commessa a società di ristorazione". 24 February 2022.
  46. ^ a b Annuario RAI 1988 1989, Torino, Nuova ERI, 1989
  47. ^ "Rai Eri, la Rai da Leggere". Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2016 – via www.eri.rai.it.
  48. ^ Websushi.it, ed. (30 July 2009). "Moda e King, l'ironia patinata". Archived from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2016 – via Retrovisore– un sito di Luca Pollini.
  49. ^ "ERI". Enciclopedia Treccani. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  50. ^ Rivista tecnica dal 1946, cfr. il sito.
  51. ^ Nata nel 1967 è oggi diretta da Giovanni Carli Ballola, Paolo Donati, Giorgio Pestelli, Giancarlo Rostirolla e Roman Vlad
  52. ^ Su progetto di Leonardo Sinisgalli che ne diresse la prima serie (1957-1979) è oggi diretta dal comitato scientifico di Dario Antiseri, Edoardo Boncinelli, Umberto Bottazzini, Vittorio Marchis e Silvano Tagliagambe in collaborazione con il Centro D.I.E.A. (Documentazione su Ingegneria ed Etica Ambientale) della Facoltà di Ingegneria dell'Università di Bologna.
  53. ^ Radio Orario – History (1925)
  54. ^ Images of Radiocorriere from the 1930s: "Copertina del Radiocorriere del 24 ottobre 1937" (JPEG). Retrieved 23 October 2018., "Copertina del Radiocorriere del 31 dicembre 1939" (JPEG). Retrieved 23 October 2018., Altre prime pagine dal 1936 al 1977.
  55. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  56. ^ Radiocorriere TV 2010 TVRD edition [dead link]
  57. ^ AGI.it - 'NATA PER UNIRE', CD CANZONI 150° UNITA' ITALIA Archived 21 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine
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  59. ^ "Corte dei Conti, alert sul debito della Rai". Repubblica.it. 13 March 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
  60. ^ "RAI - Radiotelevisione italiana - Abbonamenti".

41°55′4″N 12°27′59″E / 41.91778°N 12.46639°E / 41.91778; 12.46639

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