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Russell Barkley

Russell Barkley
Ph.D
FAPA
Image:295 pixels
Barkley speaking about ADHD in Italy, September 2023
Born (1949-12-27) December 27, 1949 (age 74)
Newburgh, New York. United States
NationalityAmerican
EducationWayne Community College (A.A.)
UNC Chapel Hill (B.A., Psychology)
Bowling Green State University (M.A., Ph.D. Clinical Psychology) [1]
Occupation(s)Professor, clinical neuropsychologist, author
Years active1977–present
OrganizationGuilford Press
Known forADHD research
Notable work
  • Research contributions
  • Taking Charge of ADHD
  • Your Defiant Child
  • The ADHD Report
  • Taking Charge of Adult ADHD
  • Executive Functions: What They Are, How They Work, and Why They Evolved
[2]
TitleFormer president of the Section on Clinical Child Psychology (the former Division 12) of the American Psychological Association (APA), and of the International Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology.[2]
Parent(s)Donald Stuart Barkley
Mildred Minerva (née Terbush) Barkley
AwardsAwards from the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Psychological Association
Academic work
DisciplinePsychologist
Websitewww.russellbarkley.org

Russell Alan Barkley FAPA (born December 27, 1949) is a retired American clinical neuropsychologist who was a clinical professor of psychiatry at the VCU Medical Center until 2022 and president of Division 12 of the American Psychological Association (APA) and of the International Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology.[3][4][5] Involved in research since 1973 and a licensed psychologist since 1977, he is an expert on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and has devoted much of his scientific career to studying ADHD and related fields like childhood defiance.[6] He proposed the renaming of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) to cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS).[7]

Besides his clinical work, he is also an expert in the neuropsychology of executive function and self-regulation. He is board certified in three clinical specialties: clinical neuropsychology, clinical psychology, and clinical child and adolescent psychology.[4][8]

Early life and education

Russell Alan Barkley was born in Newburgh, New York. He was one of five children, born to US Air Force Colonel Donald Stuart Barkley (27 February 1916 – 15 June 1999) and Mildred Minerva née Terbush (10 September 1914 – 25 April 2008). Barkley served in the United States Air Force from 1968 to 1972, including a tour of duty in Vietnam.[9] He had a fraternal twin brother, Ronald Foster Barkley,[10][11] who was killed in a car crash on 24 July 2006. Barkley attributes his brother's history of dangerous and reckless behavior, including not wearing a seat belt and speeding at the time of his crash, to untreated ADHD.[12] Ronald was several times over the legal alcohol limit, speeding and not wearing a seat belt at the time of his fatal crash.[13]

Barkley earned an Associate of Arts from Wayne Community College in Goldsboro, North Carolina in June 1972, and a BA in psychology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.[14] He earned an MA and Ph.D. in clinical psychology from Bowling Green State University in Bowling Green, Ohio.[15] From July 1976 to 1977, Barkley was an intern at the University of Oregon Health Sciences Center in Portland, Oregon.[14][16]

Career

In 1977, Barkley began his professional career at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Milwaukee Children's Hospital, where in 1978, he founded the Neuropsychology Service and served as its chief until 1985. He then moved to the University of Massachusetts Medical School, where he served as Director of Psychology from 1985 to 2000. Barkley was professor of psychiatry and neurology at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center.[17][18][19] In 2005, he joined the State University of New York Upstate Medical University (SUNY) in Syracuse, New York, where he was a consultant and research professor of psychiatry.[20][21] He taught at the Medical University of South Carolina from 2003 to 2016 and then moved to Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center in Richmond, Virginia, where he taught in the Department of Psychiatry until 2020.[4][5][22][non-primary source needed]

Until 2022, he served as president of the Section on Clinical Child Psychology (Division 12) of the American Psychological Association (APA) and of the International Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology.[3][4][5] He is a fellow of the APA.[3][23]

Barkley led the first International Consensus Statement on ADHD.[24] He is known for his research contributions[25][26][27][28][29] including multiple papers from his longitudinal study in Milwaukee, Wisconsin;[30][31] the persistence of ADHD into adulthood;[32][33][34] his development of a theory of ADHD as a disorder of executive functioning and self-regulation;[35][36] establishing the nature of emotional dysregulation in ADHD;[25][37] early research on family interaction patterns in ADHD children;[38] his more recent studies on the nature of ADHD in adults;[39] initially researching the effects of stimulant medication;[40][41][42] early intervention for children at risk for ADHD;[43] training parents to manage ADHD and defiant behavior;[44] the pervasiveness of impairments and long-term risks associated with ADHD;[45][46] and the nature of cognitive disengagement syndrome.[47]

He has given more than 800 invited lectures in more than 30 countries during his career, as part of his effort to disseminate science.[8][48][28] Barkley founded and edited The ADHD Report, a peer-reviewed journal for clinicians and parents, until its 30th and final volume in 2022.[49] He has performed his forever last invited public lecture at the Centro Archimede Medical Centre, where he discussed ADHD, CDS and related topics, in Italy, September 30, 2023.[50][51]

Besides his books, he has published six clinical rating scales related to ADHD, executive functioning, and impairment[4][5] and clinical manuals for diagnosis and treatment.[52][53] One of Barkley's rating scales for adult ADHD evaluates CDS,[54] a distinct syndrome from ADHD.[55]

Views on medication

In 1978, Barkley wrote that "Stimulant drug studies based primarily on measures of teacher opinion have frequently concluded that these drugs improve the achievement of hyperkinetic children. However, a review of those studies using more objective measures of academic performance revealed few positive short-term or long-term drug effects on these measures. What few improvements have been noted can be readily attributed to better attention during testing. The major effect of the stimulants appears to be an improvement in classroom manageability rather than academic performance".[56] In 1991, Barkley noted that "Psychostimulant medications (e.g., Ritalin) are highly effective treatments for the symptomatic management of children with ADHD as they can enhance significantly their attention span, impulse control, academic performance, and peer relationships".[56]

In response to critics who point to countries with lower rates of diagnoses and medication of children for ADHD, Barkley said, "So what? We do not let the rest of the world set our standards of care when we do more research on childhood disorders--specifically ADHD--than other countries combined?".[57]

Barkley believes that medications such as methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine should be downgraded to schedule III.[58]

During an interview in 2001, Barkley said that "All of the research we have indicates that these drugs are some of the safest that we employ in the field of psychiatry and psychology. That's not to say that we know everything about them. But we know a lot more than we know about cough medicines and Tylenol and aspirins and other things that children swill whenever they come down with a common cold. Nobody asks those questions about those over-the-counter medications, yet we know substantially less about them".[59]

Barkley has compared the symptomatic impairments of ADHD to a physical handicap, with accommodations and treatment being the equivalent of a wheelchair.[60] On 16 November 1998 he said that "[methylphenidate] will be ranked as one of the leading developments in this century for helping individuals".[61]

Disclosure

Barkley declares royalties or licences from Guilford Publications, the American Psychological Association, Professional Education Systems Institute, ContinuingEdCourses; and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, consultancy, manuscript writing, or educational events from AstraZeneca, Takeda, the Medical College of Wisconsin, Eli Lilly, and Ochsner Medical Center.[62][63]

Books

  • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment.4th ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2015. ISBN 978-1-4625-1772-5.
  • ADHD and the Nature of Self Control. New York: Guilford Press, 1997. ISBN 978-1-57230-250-1.
  • Taking Charge of ADHD: The Complete, Authoritative Guide for Parents. New York: Guilford Press, (3rd ed.) 2013. ISBN 978-1-46250-789-4.
  • With Kevin R Murphy and Mariellen Fischer. ADHD in Adults: What the Science Says. New York: Guilford Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-59385-586-4.
  • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: The Latest Assessment and Treatment Strategies. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2010. ISBN 978-0-7637-6564-4.
  • Taking Charge of Adult ADHD. New York: Guilford Press, 2010. ISBN 978-1-60623-338-2.
  • Executive Functions: What They Are, How They Work, and Why They Evolved. New York: Guilford Press, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4625-0535-7.
  • Defiant Children: a Clinician's Manual for Assessment and Parent Training, 3rd ed. New York: Guilford Publications, 2013. ISBN 978-1-57230-123-8.
  • Managing ADHD in School: The Best Evidence-Based Methods for Teachers. Eau Claire, WI: PESI Publishing and Media, 2016. ISBN 978-1559570435.
  • When an Adult You Love Has ADHD. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2017. ISBN 9781433823084

Awards

  • C. Anderson Aldrich Award, 1996, from the American Academy of Pediatrics for outstanding research in child health and human development
  • Distinguished Contribution Award to Research, 1998, by the Section of Clinical Child Psychology of the American Psychological Association
  • Science Dissemination Award, 2003, from the Society for Scientific Clinical Psychology of the American Psychological Association
  • Distinguished Career Award, 2012, from the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology [64]
  • Lifetime Career Achievement Award, Division 53 (Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology), American Psychological Association, 2017
  • Lifetime Achievement Award, Children and Adults with ADHD (chadd.org), 2018

References

  1. ^ "Author of the Month - May 2020". Guilford Press. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
  2. ^ a b "Russell A. Barkley". Guilford Press. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
  3. ^ a b c "P_Russell Barkley_experto". Aitana Congress 2020. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Dr. Russell A. Barkley - Dedicated to Education and Research on ADHD".
  5. ^ a b c d "Russell A. Barkley". Guilford.com. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  6. ^ Frontline. Interviews – Russell Barkley Archived 2016-07-31 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Becker, Stephen P.; Willcutt, Erik G.; Leopold, Daniel R.; Fredrick, Joseph W.; Smith, Zoe R.; Jacobson, Lisa A.; Burns, G. Leonard; Mayes, Susan D.; Waschbusch, Daniel A.; Froehlich, Tanya E.; McBurnett, Keith; Servera, Mateu; Barkley, Russell A. (June 2023). "Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 62 (6): 629–645. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821. PMC 9943858. PMID 36007816.
  8. ^ a b "Russell Barkley, PhD". www.pesi.co.uk. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
  9. ^ "Dr. Russell A. Barkley - Dedicated to Education and Research on ADHD". www.russellbarkley.org. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
  10. ^ Barkley, Russell A.; Robin, Arthur L. (17 October 2013). Your Defiant Teen, Second Edition: 10 Steps to Resolve Conflict and Rebuild Your Relationship. Guilford Publications. ISBN 9781462513017 – via Google Books.
  11. ^ "Adult ADHD: Driving Under the Influence...of Attention Deficit". 2012-08-03. Archived from the original on 2014-03-15. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
  12. ^ "Russell Barkley on the Meaning of ADHD – ADHD reWired". 12 May 2015.
  13. ^ ADHD Nation – Schwarz (2016).
  14. ^ a b VITA Russell A. Barkley, Ph.D. Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ Norfleet, Caitlin. "Russell A. Barkley, PhD". Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
  16. ^ "Russell A. Barkley, PhD".
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  18. ^ "About Russell A. Barkley, Ph.D." Archived from the original on 2014-07-16. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
  19. ^ Norfleet, Caitlin. "Russell A. Barkley, Ph.D." Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
  20. ^ John Leland, "Are They Here to Save the World?" Archived 2015-02-18 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times, January 12, 2006.
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  25. ^ a b "ADHD and Emotional Dysregulation". www.adhdevidence.org. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  26. ^ "Russell A. Barkley, Ph.D." scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
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  28. ^ a b "Dr. Russell Barkley". Learning Center. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  29. ^ Faraone, Stephen V.; Rostain, Anthony L.; Blader, Joseph; Busch, Betsy; Childress, Ann C.; Connor, Daniel F.; Newcorn, Jeffrey H. (February 2019). "Practitioner Review: Emotional dysregulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder – implications for clinical recognition and intervention". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 60 (2): 133–150. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12899. ISSN 0021-9630. PMID 29624671.
  30. ^ Barkley, Russell A.; Fischer, Mariellen (2016). "The Milwaukee Longitudinal Study of Hyperactive (ADHD) Children". Oxford Medicine Online. doi:10.1093/med/9780190213589.003.0004. Retrieved 2024-03-29.
  31. ^ Barkley, Russell A.; Fischer, Mariellen (July 2019). "Hyperactive Child Syndrome and Estimated Life Expectancy at Young Adult Follow-Up: The Role of ADHD Persistence and Other Potential Predictors". Journal of Attention Disorders. 23 (9): 907–923. doi:10.1177/1087054718816164. ISSN 1087-0547. PMID 30526189.
  32. ^ Kessler, Ronald C.; Adler, Lenard; Barkley, Russell; Biederman, Joseph; Conners, C. Keith; Demler, Olga; Faraone, Stephen V.; Greenhill, Laurence L.; Howes, Mary J.; Secnik, Kristina; Spencer, Thomas; Ustun, T. Bedirhan; Walters, Ellen E.; Zaslavsky, Alan M. (April 2006). "The Prevalence and Correlates of Adult ADHD in the United States: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey Replication". American Journal of Psychiatry. 163 (4): 716–723. doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.716. ISSN 0002-953X. PMC 2859678. PMID 16585449.
  33. ^ Barkley, Russell A.; Fischer, Mariellen; Smallish, Lori; Fletcher, Kenneth (May 2002). "The persistence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 111 (2): 279–289. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.111.2.279. ISSN 0021-843X. PMID 12003449.
  34. ^ Barkley, Russell A.; Murphy, Kevin R.; Fischer, Mariellen (2010-11-01). ADHD in Adults: What the Science Says. Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-60918-075-1.
  35. ^ Barkley, Russell A. (January 1997). "Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD". Psychological Bulletin. 121 (1): 65–94. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.65. ISSN 0033-2909. PMID 9000892.
  36. ^ Antshel, Kevin M.; Hier, Bridget O.; Barkley, Russell A. (2014), Goldstein, Sam; Naglieri, Jack A. (eds.), "Executive Functioning Theory and ADHD", Handbook of Executive Functioning, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 107–120, doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_7, ISBN 978-1-4614-8106-5
  37. ^ Barkley, R.; Murphy, K.; Robison, Reid J.; Reimherr, F.; Marchant, Barrie K.; Kondo, D.; Coon, H.; Rosen, Paul; Epstein, J. (2010). "Emotional Self-Regulation in Adults With Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) : The Relative Contributions of Emotional Impulsiveness and ADHD Symptoms to Adaptive Impairments in Major Life Activities". S2CID 17568892. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  38. ^ Barkley, Russell A.; Anastopoulos, Arthur D.; Guevremont, David C.; Fletcher, Kenneth E. (1992-06-01). "Adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Mother-adolescent interactions, family beliefs and conflicts, and maternal psychopathology". Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 20 (3): 263–288. doi:10.1007/BF00916692. ISSN 1573-2835. PMID 1619134.
  39. ^ Barkley, Russell A.; Murphy, Kevin R. (2011-06-01). "The Nature of Executive Function (EF) Deficits in Daily Life Activities in Adults with ADHD and Their Relationship to Performance on EF Tests". Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 33 (2): 137–158. doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9217-x. ISSN 1573-3505.
  40. ^ Barkley, Russell A. (1976-12-01). "Predicting the response of hyperkinetic children to stimulant drugs: A review". Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 4 (4): 327–348. doi:10.1007/BF00922531. ISSN 1573-2835. PMID 794087.
  41. ^ Barkley, Russell A. (April 1977). "A Review of Stimulant Drug Research With Hyperactive Children". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 18 (2): 137–165. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1977.tb00425.x. ISSN 0021-9630. PMID 326801.
  42. ^ Barkley, Russell A.; Koplowitz, Seth; Anderson, Tamara; McMurray, Mary B. (July 1997). "Sense of time in children with ADHD: Effects of duration, distraction, and stimulant medication". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 3 (4): 359–369. doi:10.1017/S1355617797003597. ISSN 1469-7661. PMID 9260445.
  43. ^ Sonuga-Barke, Edmund JS; Koerting, Johanna; Smith, Elizabeth; McCann, Donna C; Thompson, Margaret (April 2011). "Early detection and intervention for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 11 (4): 557–563. doi:10.1586/ern.11.39. hdl:1854/LU-2084124. ISSN 1473-7175. PMID 21469928.
  44. ^ Barkley, Russell A. (2013-03-21). Defiant Children: A Clinician's Manual for Assessment and Parent Training. Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-4625-0950-8.
  45. ^ Barkley RA, Murphy KR (2011-06-01). "The Nature of Executive Function (EF) Deficits in Daily Life Activities in Adults with ADHD and Their Relationship to Performance on EF Tests". Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 33 (2): 137–158. doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9217-x. ISSN 1573-3505.
  46. ^ Barkley RA, Fischer M (July 2019). "Hyperactive Child Syndrome and Estimated Life Expectancy at Young Adult Follow-Up: The Role of ADHD Persistence and Other Potential Predictors". Journal of Attention Disorders. 23 (9): 907–923. doi:10.1177/1087054718816164. PMID 30526189. S2CID 54472439.
  47. ^ Becker, Stephen P.; Willcutt, Erik G.; Leopold, Daniel R.; Fredrick, Joseph W.; Smith, Zoe R.; Jacobson, Lisa A.; Burns, G. Leonard; Mayes, Susan D.; Waschbusch, Daniel A.; Froehlich, Tanya E.; McBurnett, Keith; Servera, Mateu; Barkley, Russell A. (June 2023). "Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 62 (6): 629–645. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821. ISSN 1527-5418. PMC 9943858. PMID 36007816.
  48. ^ "Russell A. Barkley | Professor of Psychiatry | PESI.com". catalog.pesi.co.uk. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  49. ^ "The ADHD Report". Guilford.com. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  50. ^ "Convegno Internazionale, Padova 30/09/2023 – Archimede". www.cdarchimede.it. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
  51. ^ Hoarding Behavior/Disorder & ADHD - Part 1: How often are they seen together?. Retrieved 2024-04-21 – via www.youtube.com.
  52. ^ https://www.psychiatrist.com/read-pdf/8147/
  53. ^ Barkley, Russell A. (17 October 2014). Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Fourth Edition: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment. Guilford Publications. ISBN 978-1-4625-1772-5.
  54. ^ Becker, Stephen P.; Willcutt, Erik G.; Leopold, Daniel R.; Fredrick, Joseph W.; Smith, Zoe R.; Jacobson, Lisa A.; Burns, G. Leonard; Mayes, Susan D.; Waschbusch, Daniel A.; Froehlich, Tanya E.; McBurnett, Keith; Servera, Mateu; Barkley, Russell A. (June 2023). "Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 62 (6): 629–645. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821. ISSN 0890-8567. PMC 9943858. PMID 36007816.
  55. ^ Becker, Stephen P.; Willcutt, Erik G.; Leopold, Daniel R.; Fredrick, Joseph W.; Smith, Zoe R.; Jacobson, Lisa A.; Burns, G. Leonard; Mayes, Susan D.; Waschbusch, Daniel A.; Froehlich, Tanya E.; McBurnett, Keith; Servera, Mateu; Barkley, Russell A. (2023-06-01). "Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 62 (6): 629–645. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821. ISSN 0890-8567. PMC 9943858. PMID 36007816.
  56. ^ a b Dupaul, George J.; Barkley, Russell A.; McMurray, Mary B. (1991). "Therapeutic Effects of Medication on ADHD: Implications for School Psychologists". School Psychology Review. 20 (2): 203–219. doi:10.1080/02796015.1991.12085546.
  57. ^ "Medicating ADHD: Too much? Too soon?". www.apa.org. Retrieved 2020-04-05.
  58. ^ "Medicating kids". PBS. 10 April 2001.
  59. ^ "Interviews - Russell Barkley - Medicating Kids - FRONTLINE - PBS". PBS. 2001-04-10. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
  60. ^ "ADHD: Serious Psychiatric Problem or All-American Cop-out?". Archived from the original on 2021-05-14. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
  61. ^ ADHD Nation - Alan Schwarz page 64
  62. ^ Gosling, Corentin J.; Caparos, Serge; Pinabiaux, Charlotte; Schwarzer, Guido; Rücker, Gerta; Agha, Sharifah Shameem; Bøe, Tormod; Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Lundervold, Astri J.; Øie, Merete Glenne; Skogli, Erik Winther; Alrouh, Hekmat; Antony, Ambler; Peter, Anderson; Ainara, Andiarena (2023). "Association between relative age at school and persistence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in prospective studies: an individual participant data meta-analysis SIMBA study group". The Lancet Psychiatry. 10 (12): 922–933. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(23)00272-9. hdl:10871/133799. ISSN 2215-0374. PMID 37898142.
  63. ^ Becker, Stephen P.; Willcutt, Erik G.; Leopold, Daniel R.; Fredrick, Joseph W.; Smith, Zoe R.; Jacobson, Lisa A.; Burns, G. Leonard; Mayes, Susan D.; Waschbusch, Daniel A.; Froehlich, Tanya E.; McBurnett, Keith; Servera, Mateu; Barkley, Russell A. (June 2023). "Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS)". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 62 (6): 629–645. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821. ISSN 0890-8567. PMC 9943858. PMID 36007816.
  64. ^ Past Award Winners Archived 2018-06-12 at the Wayback Machine, (Retrieved 29 May 2018)
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