Werndl–Holub rifle
| M1867 Werndl–Holub | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | Service rifle |
| Place of origin | Austria-Hungary |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1867–1886 (primary Austro-Hungarian service rifle) 1886–1921 (limited use) |
| Used by | Austria-Hungary See users |
| Wars | See conflicts |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Josef Werndl and Karel Holub |
| Designed | 1860s |
| Manufacturer | Josef und Franz Werndl & Comp. (ÖWG after 1869) F. Fruwirth a Bentz (up to 1873) |
| Unit cost | 50 florins (1867) |
| Produced | 1867–1888 |
| No. built | 686,000 (by 1874) |
| Variants | M1873 M67/77 M73/77 Extra-Corps Carbine Finance-Gewehr Carbine Cavalry Carbine |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 9.65 lb (4.4 kg) |
| Length | 50.4 in (128.0 cm) |
| Barrel length | 33.3 in (84.6 cm) |
| Cartridge | 11.15×42mmR (M1867) 11.15×58mmR (1877 Upgrade) |
| Caliber | 11.15 mm |
| Action | Rotating drum bolt |
| Rate of fire | 12–14 aimed shots per minute 24 unaimed shots per minute |
| Muzzle velocity | 439 m/s (1,440.3 ft/s) |
| Effective firing range | 300 m (328.1 yd) (point target) |
| Maximum firing range | 1,070 m (1,170.2 yd) (maximum setting on sights) |
| Feed system | Single-shot breech-loading |
| Sights | Iron sights graduated from 200 to 1,400 paces |
The M1867 Werndl–Holub was a single-shot breechloading rifle adopted by the Austro-Hungarian army on 28 July 1867. It replaced the Wänzl breechloader conversion of the muzzle-loading Lorenz rifle. Josef Werndl (1831–1889) and Karel Holub (1830–1903) designed and patented their rifle; Werndl later bought out all the rights, but was involved in name only.
ÖWG (Österreichische Waffenfabriksgesellschaft) produced the Werndl and chambered it for the 11mm scharfe Patrone M.67[1] (11.15×42mmR) cartridge. In 1877, the military rechambered the Werndl for the bottleneck 11mm scharfe Patrone M.77 (11.15×58mmR) cartridge.
Production
In 1867, the army ordered 611,000 of the new rifles. The first batch of 100,000 rifles cost 5 million florins, or 50 florins per rifle. The army received 14 million florins in funding to acquire Werndl rifles and ammunition in 1868. The budget was then cut to just 1 million in 1869. As a result, by November 1870, only 316,650 Werndl breechloaders had been produced and the army still needed an additional 302,810 rifles to fulfill the needs of the regular troops, without taking into account the demands of the Imperial-Royal Landwehr and the Royal Hungarian Honvéd. In February 1873, the war minister Franz Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld stated a need for 370,000 more Werndl rifles for the army.
Use
In spite of the Werndl being long obsolete by World War I, the Austro-Hungarian forces issued Werndl rifles to rear-echelon units to free up more modern rifles for use by front-line troops.[1]
Comparison with contemporary rifles
| Calibre | System | Country | Velocity | Height of trajectory | Ammunition | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muzzle | 500 yd (460 m) | 1,000 yd (910 m) | 1,500 yd (1,400 m) | 2,000 yd (1,800 m) | 500 yd (460 m) | 1,000 yd (910 m) | 1,500 yd (1,400 m) | 2,000 yd (1,800 m) | Propellant | Bullet | |||
| .433 in (11.0 mm) | Werndl–Holub rifle | Austria-Hungary | 1,439 ft/s (439 m/s) | 854 ft/s (260 m/s) | 620 ft/s (190 m/s) | 449 ft/s (137 m/s) | 328 ft/s (100 m/s) | 8.252 ft (2.515 m) | 49.41 ft (15.06 m) | 162.6 ft (49.6 m) | 426.0 ft (129.8 m) | 77 gr (5.0 g) | 370 gr (24 g) |
| .45 in (11.43 mm) | Martini–Henry | United Kingdom | 1,315 ft/s (401 m/s) | 869 ft/s (265 m/s) | 664 ft/s (202 m/s) | 508 ft/s (155 m/s) | 389 ft/s (119 m/s) | 9.594 ft (2.924 m) | 47.90 ft (14.60 m) | 147.1 ft (44.8 m) | 357.85 ft (109.07 m) | 85 gr (5.5 g) | 480 gr (31 g) |
| .433 in (11.0 mm) | Fusil Gras mle 1874 | France | 1,489 ft/s (454 m/s) | 878 ft/s (268 m/s) | 643 ft/s (196 m/s) | 471 ft/s (144 m/s) | 348 ft/s (106 m/s) | 7.769 ft (2.368 m) | 46.6 ft (14.2 m) | 151.8 ft (46.3 m) | 389.9 ft (118.8 m) | 80 gr (5.2 g) | 386 gr (25.0 g) |
| .433 in (11.0 mm) | Mauser Model 1871 | Germany | 1,430 ft/s (440 m/s) | 859 ft/s (262 m/s) | 629 ft/s (192 m/s) | 459 ft/s (140 m/s) | 388 ft/s (118 m/s) | 8.249 ft (2.514 m) | 48.68 ft (14.84 m) | 159.2 ft (48.5 m) | 411.1 ft (125.3 m) | 75 gr (4.9 g) | 380 gr (25 g) |
| .408 in (10.4 mm) | M1870 Italian Vetterli | Italy | 1,430 ft/s (440 m/s) | 835 ft/s (255 m/s) | 595 ft/s (181 m/s) | 422 ft/s (129 m/s) | 304 ft/s (93 m/s) | 8.527 ft (2.599 m) | 52.17 ft (15.90 m) | 176.3 ft (53.7 m) | 469.9 ft (143.2 m) | 62 gr (4.0 g) | 310 gr (20 g) |
| .397 in (10.08 mm) | Jarmann M1884 | Norway and Sweden | 1,536 ft/s (468 m/s) | 908 ft/s (277 m/s) | 675 ft/s (206 m/s) | 504 ft/s (154 m/s) | 377 ft/s (115 m/s) | 7.235 ft (2.205 m) | 42.97 ft (13.10 m) | 137.6 ft (41.9 m) | 348.5 ft (106.2 m) | 77 gr (5.0 g) | 337 gr (21.8 g) |
| .42 in (10.67 mm) | Berdan rifle | Russia | 1,444 ft/s (440 m/s) | 873 ft/s (266 m/s) | 645 ft/s (197 m/s) | 476 ft/s (145 m/s) | 353 ft/s (108 m/s) | 7.995 ft (2.437 m) | 47.01 ft (14.33 m) | 151.7 ft (46.2 m) | 388.7 ft (118.5 m) | 77 gr (5.0 g) | 370 gr (24 g) |
| .45 in (11.43 mm) | Springfield model 1884 | United States | 1,301 ft/s (397 m/s) | 875 ft/s (267 m/s) | 676 ft/s (206 m/s) | 523 ft/s (159 m/s) | 404 ft/s (123 m/s) | 8.574 ft (2.613 m) | 46.88 ft (14.29 m) | 142.3 ft (43.4 m) | 343.0 ft (104.5 m) | 70 gr (4.5 g) | 500 gr (32 g) |
| .40 in (10.16 mm) | Enfield-Martini | United Kingdom | 1,570 ft/s (480 m/s) | 947 ft/s (289 m/s) | 719 ft/s (219 m/s) | 553 ft/s (169 m/s) | 424 ft/s (129 m/s) | 6.704 ft (2.043 m) | 39.00 ft (11.89 m) | 122.0 ft (37.2 m) | 298.47 ft (90.97 m) | 85 gr (5.5 g) | 384 gr (24.9 g) |
Users
- Afghanistan[3]
- Principality of Albania[4]
- Austria-Hungary
- Argentina (limited use) [5][6]
- Czechoslovakia
- Ethiopian Empire[7]
- Montenegro
- Persia[8]
- Polish Legions in World War I
- Poland[9][10][11]
- Ukrainian Sich Riflemen[12]
- Kingdom of Yugoslavia[13]
- Luxembourg
Conflicts
- Paraguayan War (Limited)[14]
- Krivošije uprising 1869
- Herzegovina uprising 1875–1877[15]
- Montenegrin–Ottoman War 1876–78
- Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878
- Battles for Plav and Gusinje 1879-1880
- Argentine Civil War 1880
- Kurdish uprising 1880-1881[16]
- Herzegovina uprising 1882
- First Italo-Ethiopian War 1894-1896[17]
- First Balkan War 1912-1913
- Second Balkan War 1913
- World War I (limited)[1]
- Ukrainian War of Independence 1917-1921 (limited)
- Retaking of Czech Borderland 1918-1919 (limited)
- Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia 1918-1919 (limited)
- Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 1918-1920 (limited)
- Hungarian–Czechoslovak War 1918-1919 (limited)[18]
- Polish–Ukrainian War 1918-1919 (limited)
- Silesian Uprisings 1919-1921
- Polish–Czechoslovak War 1919 (limited)
- Polish–Soviet War 1919-1921 (limited)[19]
See also
- Weaponry of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
- Mannlicher M1886 – the next Austro-Hungarian service rifle
References
- ^ a b c Scarlata, Paul (1 August 2011). "Austro-Hungarian Rifles of World War 1 – Part One: Many Peoples – Many Rifles!". Shotgun News. 65 (21): 48.
- ^ "The New Martini-Enfield Rifle" (PDF). The Engineer. 2 July 1886. p. 16. Retrieved 3 April 2017 – via Grace's Guide to British Industrial History.
- ^ "The military rifle cartridges of Afghanistan part 1: from Alexander to Enfields. - Free Online Library". Thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
- ^ Elsie, Robert (24 April 2015). The Tribes of Albania,: History, Society and Culture. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857739322.
- ^ ".: Full Aventura :. - Armas - Armas de nuestra historia - 1º parte". Fullaventura.com. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
- ^ "FUERZAS MILITARES EN LA GUERRA CIVIL DE 1880" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 November 2023.
- ^ "Ethiopian military rifle cartridges part 1: from the Queen of Sheba to Adowa. - Free Online Library". Thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
- ^ electricpulp.com. "FIREARMS i. HISTORY – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
- ^ "RIA: Gewehr 29/40 Mauser". Forgottenweapons.com. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
- ^ "OKOP - Sklep z Militariami Kolekcjonerska Broń Deko". Okop.com.pl. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
- ^ "Karabin i karabinek Werndl-Holub wz.1873/77". Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
- ^ "Blog - Osprey Remembers - Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia and the Ukraine - Osprey Publishing". ospreypublishing.com.
- ^ "ČASOPIS ZA ZGODOVINO IN NARODOPISJE : Review for History and Ethnography" (PDF). Sistory.si. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
- ^ Esposito, Gabriele, The Paraguayan War 1864–70: Osprey Publishing (2019)
- ^ Teinović, Bratislav. "Srpski ustanak u Bosni 1875-1878., Banjaluka 2006". Academia.edu. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
- ^ Farmanfarmaian, Roxane (30 January 2008). War and Peace in Qajar Persia: Implications Past and Present. Routledge. p. 63. ISBN 9781134103089. Retrieved 5 August 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ McCollum, Ian (29 January 2017). "1867 Werndl (Video)". Forgotten Weapons.
- ^ "Sokolstvo v bojoch o Slovensko | Slovenské národné noviny". 17 September 2013.
- ^ "Karabin i karabinek Werndl-Holub wz.1873/77". dobroni.pl. 6 February 2013.
External links
Media related to Werndl rifle at Wikimedia Commons
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