Whiteface (performance)
Whiteface is a type of performance in which a dark person uses makeup in order to appear white-skinned.[1] The term is a reversal of the form of performance known as blackface, in which makeup was used by a performer to make themselves look like a black person, usually to portray a stereotype. Whiteface performances originated in the 19th century, and today still occasionally appear in films. Modern usages of whiteface can be contrasted with blackface in contemporary art.
History
The earliest use of the term, noted by the Oxford English Dictionary, is from the New York Clipper in 1870, informing readers that William "Joe" Murphy has given up minstrelsy to "appear on the legitimate boards in white face."[2][3]
By 1908, actor Dooley Wilson had earned his nickname for his whiteface impersonation of an Irishman singing a song called "Mr. Dooley".[4]
The OED also lists a 1947 reference to the black actor Canada Lee performing the role of Bosola in The Duchess of Malfi in whiteface.[2]
Examples
- The 1970 film Watermelon Man begins with Godfrey Cambridge playing a whiteface character, who then wakes up one morning to find himself to be black.[5]
- Eddie Murphy performed in whiteface on Saturday Night Live in the 1980s, and appeared in whiteface for minor characters in the films Coming to America, Vampire in Brooklyn and The Nutty Professor.[6]
- In the 2004 film White Chicks, Shawn Wayans and Marlon Wayans play two FBI agents who go undercover as young white women by using whiteface.[7]
- The 2006 FX reality television show Black. White. had two families realistically portrayed via makeup as another race: One in blackface, the other in whiteface.[8]
- Nick Cannon white faced in portraying alter ego character Connor Smallnut in promoting 2014 album "White People Party Music".[9]
- Chamillionaire whitefaced as anchorman Bob O'Wildy in the 2007 video for Hip Hop Police.[10]
Comparison to blackface
Blackface is widely considered racist due to its traceable racial links to slavery and racial segregation.[11] For this reason, blackface is heavily condemned in modern art forms, while whiteface is occasionally employed in modern times, usually in a comedic context. Those who defend it as art differentiate it from blackface, often arguing that whiteface does not draw on a legacy of racism in the way that blackface does, hence arguing that the intended satire of white lifestyles is not racist.[12]
References
- ^ Hilary Miller (24 March 2014). "Nick Cannon Wears Whiteface, Sparks Internet Debate". HuffPost. Retrieved 2020-06-21.
- ^ a b "white-face". The Oxford English Dictionary (3 ed.). 2015. sense 4.
- ^ "Negro Minstrelsy". New York Clipper. 16 April 1870.
- ^ Harmetz, Aljean (November 26, 1992). Round Up the Usual Suspects: The Making of Casablanca—Bogart, Bergman, and World War II. New York: Hyperion. p. 143. ISBN 978-1562829414.
- ^ "Race Representations in Watermelon Man". Washington University. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
- ^ Davies, Helen; Ilott, Sarah, eds. (27 July 2018). Comedy and the Politics of Representation: Mocking the Weak. Springer. p. 87. ISBN 9783319905068. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
- ^ Weston, Christopher (2020-06-10). "Does White Chicks Have A Future On Netflix? Little Britain Removal Sparks Wider Debate On Race!". HITC.com.
- ^ McFarland, Melanie (6 March 2006). "On TV: 'Black. White.' is uncomfortable, revealing reality TV". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
- ^ Lewis, Hilary (31 March 2014). "Nick Cannon on 'Whiteface' Controversy: 'I Was Doing a Character Impression; Blackface Is About Oppression' (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
- ^ Reid, Shaheem (14 June 2007). "Chamillionaire Busted By 'Hip Hop Police' For Ridin' Dirty With Jay-Z, Dr. Dre CDs". MTV.com. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
- ^ Desmond-Harris, Jenée (October 29, 2014). "Don't get what's wrong with blackface? Here's why it's so offensive". Vox. Archived from the original on May 23, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
- ^ Hannaham, James (28 June 2004). "Beyond the Pale". New York Magazine.
Further reading
- Marvin McAllister, Whiting Up: Whiteface Minstrels and Stage Europeans in African American Performance, Univ of North Carolina Press, 2011, ISBN 0807869066
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