1862–63 United States Senate elections

1862–63 United States Senate elections

← 1860 & 1861 Various dates 1864 & 1865 →
22 of the 68 seats in the United States Senate[a] (with special elections) 25 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader John P. Hale[b] (retired) Party Republican Democratic Leader since March 4, 1859 Leader's seat New Hampshire Last election 29 seats 30 seats Seats before 31 11 Seats won 32 10 Seat change 1 1 Seats up 10 5   Third party Fourth party   Party Union Unconditional Unionist Party (US) Last election New party New party Seats before 6 Seats won 5 1 Seat change 1 1 Seats up 4
Results of the elections:      Democratic gain      Democratic hold      Republican gain      Republican hold      Unionist Hold      Unconditional Unionist Gain      Confederacy
Majority Party before election Republican Elected Majority Party Republican

The 1862–63 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, occurring during the American Civil War. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1862 and 1863, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.^[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 1.

Since many Southern states seceded in 1860 and 1861, six senators resigned to join the Confederacy, and 14 were expelled for supporting the rebellion: these seats were declared vacant. To establish a quorum with fewer members, a lower total seat number was taken into account.

The Republican Party increased their control of the Senate by gaining three seats, bringing their majority to two-thirds of the body. Also caucusing with them were Unionists and Unconditional Unionists, giving them a commanding majority.

Senate party division, 38th Congress (1863–1865)

• Majority party: Republican (31), later rose to 33
• Minority party: Democratic (10)
• Other parties: Unionist (4), later dropped to 3; Unconditional Unionist (3), later rose to 4
• Vacant: 20, later rose to 22
• Total seats: 48, later rose to 50

At the beginning of 1862.

V4	V3	V2	V1
V5	V6	V7 Fla. No race	V8 Miss. No race	V9 Tenn. No race	V10 Texas No race	D1	D2	D3	D4
U4 Md. Unknown	U3	U2	U1	U10 Mo. Expelled	D9 Minn. Retired	D8 Del. Ran	D7 Calif. Ran	D6	D5
U5 Ind. Retired	U6 Va. Retired	R32 N.J. Retired	R31 Pa. Retired	R30 R.I. Unknown	R29 Wis. Ran	R28 Vt. Ran	R27 Ohio Ran	R26 N.Y. Ran	R25 Mich. Ran
Majority →
R15	R16	R17	R18	R19	R20	R21	R22 Conn. Ran	R23 Maine Ran	R24 Mass. Ran
R14	R13	R12	R11	R10	R9	R8	R7	R6	R5
V16	V15	V14	V13	V12	V11	R1	R2	R3	R4
V17	V18	V19	V20

V4	V3	V2	V1
V5	V6	V7 Fla. No race	V8 Miss. No race	V9 Tenn. No race	V10 Texas No race	D1	D2	D3	D4
U4 Md. Hold	U3	U2	U1	D10 Pa. Gain	D9 N.J. Gain[c]	D8 Ind. Gain[c]	D7 Del. Re-elected	D6	D5
U5 Va. Hold	UU1 Mo. Gain[d]	R32 Minn. Gain	R31 Calif. Gain	R30 R.I. Hold	R29 N.Y. Hold	R28 Wis. Re-elected	R27 Vt. Re-elected	R26 Ohio Re-elected	R25 Mich. Re-elected
Majority →
R15	R16	R17	R18	R19	R20	R21	R22 Conn. Re-elected	R23 Maine Re-elected	R24 Mass. Re-elected
R14	R13	R12	R11	R10	R9	R8	R7	R6	R5
V16	V15	V14	V13	V12	V11	R1	R2	R3	R4
V17	V18	V19	V20

V4	V3	V2	V1
V5	V6	V7	V8	V9	V10	D1	D2	D3 Ill. Gain[c]	D4
U4	U3	U2	U1	D9	D9 N.J. Gain[c]	D8 Ind. Gain[c]	D7	D6	D5
UU3 Md. Changed	UU2 Mo. Changed	UU1	R31	R30 R.I. Hold[c]	R29	R28	R27	R26	R25
Majority →
R15	R16	R17	R18	R19	R20	R21	R22	R23	R24
R14	R13	R12	R11	R10	R9	R8	R7	R6	R5
V16	V15	V14	V13	V12	V11	R1	R2	R3	R4
V17	V18	V19	V20

Key:	D# Democratic R# Republican UU# Unconditional Unionist U# Unionist V# Vacant

In these elections, the winners were seated during 1862 or in 1863 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Michigan (Class 2)	Kinsley S. Bingham	Republican	1858	Incumbent died October 5, 1861. New senator elected January 17, 1862. Republican hold.	▌Y Jacob M. Howard (Republican) [data missing]
Oregon (Class 2)	Benjamin Stark	Democratic	1862 (appointed)	Interim appointee retired September 12, 1862 when successor elected. New senator elected September 12, 1862. Democratic hold.	▌Y Benjamin F. Harding (Democratic) [data missing]
Rhode Island (Class 1)	James F. Simmons	Republican	1841 1847 (lost) 1856	Incumbent resigned August 15, 1862 before the Senate could vote to expel him. New senator elected September 5, 1862.[2][3] Republican hold. Winner was not a candidate to the next term.	▌Y Samuel G. Arnold (Republican) 87.65% ▌Nathan F. Dixon II (Republican) 8.64% ▌Elisha Dyer (Republican) 1.24% ▌Thomas G. Turner (Republican) 1.24% ▌Moses B. Lockwood (Unknown) 1.24%[3]
Illinois (Class 2)	Orville H. Browning	Republican	1861 (appointed)	Interim appointee lost election to finish the term. New senator elected January 12, 1863. Democratic gain.	▌Y William Richardson (Democratic) 63.11% ▌Richard Yates (Republican) 36.89%[4]
Indiana (Class 1)	Joseph A. Wright	Unionist	1862 (appointed)	Interim appointee retired January 14, 1863 when successor elected. New senator elected January 14, 1863. Democratic gain. Winner was not elected to the next term, as the next senator had already been elected.	▌Y David Turpie (Democratic) [data missing]
New Jersey (Class 1)	Richard S. Field	Republican	1862 (appointed)	Interim appointee retired January 14, 1863 when successor elected. New senator elected January 14, 1863. Democratic gain. Winner was not elected to the next term.	▌Y James W. Wall (Democratic) [data missing]

In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1863; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
California	Milton Latham	Democratic	1860 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected as a Democrat in 1862 or 1863. Senator then changed party to Republican after the election. Republican gain.	▌Y John Conness (Democratic) ▌Milton Latham (Democratic) [data missing]
Connecticut	James Dixon	Republican	1856	Incumbent re-elected in 1863.	▌Y James Dixon (Republican) [data missing]
Delaware	James A. Bayard Jr.	Democratic	1851 1857	Incumbent re-elected in 1863.	▌Y James A. Bayard Jr. (Democratic) [data missing]
Florida	Vacant since January 21, 1861 when Stephen Mallory (D) withdrew.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1868.	None.
Indiana	Joseph A. Wright	Unionist	1862 (appointed)	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected in 1862. Democratic gain. Appointee was not a candidate to finish the term; see below.	▌Y Thomas A. Hendricks (Democratic) [data missing]
Maine	Lot M. Morrill	Republican	1861 (special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1863.	▌Y Lot M. Morrill (Republican) 14 William P. Haines 1[5]
Maryland	Anthony Kennedy	Unionist	1856–57	Incumbent lost re-election or retired. New senator elected in 1862 or 1863. Unionist hold.	▌Y Reverdy Johnson (Unionist) [data missing]
Massachusetts	Charles Sumner	Republican	1851 (special) 1857	Incumbent re-elected in 1863.	Y Charles Sumner 74.46% ▌Josiah Gardner Abbott (Democratic) 23.37% ▌Charles Francis Adams Sr. (Republican) 1.09% ▌Caleb Cushing (Democratic) 1.09%[6]
Michigan	Zachariah Chandler	Republican	1857	Incumbent re-elected in 1863.	▌Y Zachariah Chandler (Republican) [data missing]
Minnesota	Henry Mower Rice	Democratic	1858	Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1863. Republican gain.	▌Y Alexander Ramsey (Republican) 45 (72.58%) ▌Andrew G. Chatfield (Democratic) 17 (27.42%)[7]
Mississippi	Vacant since January 21, 1861 when Jefferson Davis (D) resigned.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1870.	None.
Missouri	John B. Henderson	Unionist	1862 (appointed)	Interim appointee elected as an Unconditional Unionist in 1863. Unconditional Unionist gain.	▌Y John B. Henderson (Unconditional Unionist) [data missing]
New Jersey	John Renshaw Thomson	Democratic	1853 (special) 1857	Incumbent died September 12, 1862. New senator elected in 1862 or 1863. Democratic hold.	▌Y William Wright (Democratic) ▌James Walter Wall (Democratic) [data missing]
New York	Preston King	Republican	1857	Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected February 3, 1863. Republican hold	▌Y Edwin D. Morgan (Republican) ▌Erastus Corning (Democratic) ▌John Adams Dix (Democratic) ▌Fernando Wood (Democratic) ▌Daniel S. Dickinson (Democratic)
Ohio	Benjamin Wade	Republican	1851 1856	Incumbent re-elected in 1863.	▌Y Benjamin Wade (Republican) [data missing]
Pennsylvania	David Wilmot	Republican	1861 (special)	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 13, 1863. Democratic gain.	▌Y Charles R. Buckalew (Democratic) 50.38% ▌Simon Cameron (Republican) 48.87% ▌William D. Kelley (Republican) 0.75%
Rhode Island	James F. Simmons	Republican	1841 1847 (lost) 1856	Incumbent resigned August 15, 1862 before the Senate could vote to expel him. New senator elected in 1862. Republican hold. Winner was not a candidate to finish the term.	▌Y William Sprague IV (Republican) 89.32% ▌James F. Simmons (Republican) 4.85% ▌Nathan F. Dixon II (Republican) 4.85%[8]
Tennessee	Vacant since March 4, 1862 when Andrew Johnson (D) resigned to become Military Governor of Tennessee.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1866.	None.
Texas	Vacant since March 23, 1861 when Louis Wigfall (D) withdrew.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1870.	None.
Vermont	Solomon Foot	Republican	1850 1856	Incumbent re-elected in 1862.	▌Y Solomon Foot (Republican) [data missing]
Virginia	Waitman T. Willey	Unionist	1861 (special)	Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1863. Unionist hold.	▌Y Lemuel J. Bowden (Unionist) [data missing]
Wisconsin	James R. Doolittle	Republican	1857	Incumbent re-elected in 1863.	▌Y James R. Doolittle (Republican) [data missing]

In these elections, the winners were elected in 1863 after March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
West Virginia (Class 1)	None (new state)			West Virginia admitted to the Union June 19, 1863. Senator elected August 4, 1863. Unconditional Unionist gain.	▌Y Peter G. Van Winkle (Unconditional Unionist) [data missing]
West Virginia (Class 2)				West Virginia admitted to the Union June 19, 1863. Senator elected August 4, 1863. Unconditional Unionist gain.	▌Y Waitman T. Willey (Unconditional Unionist) [data missing]
Missouri (Class 3)	Robert Wilson	Unconditional Unionist	1862 (appointed)	Interim appointee retired when successor elected. New senator elected November 13, 1863. Unconditional Unionist hold.	▌Y B. Gratz Brown (Unconditional Unionist) [data missing]

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Republican appointee Orville Browning, who had been appointed in June 1861 on the death of Stephen A. Douglas, retired instead of running to finish the class 2 term.

Democrat William Richardson won the January 12, 1863 special election over Governor of Illinois Richard Yates.

Richardson would lose renomination in the 1865 election to the next term, which Yates would win.

Democratic incumbent Jesse D. Bright was expelled from the Senate February 5, 1862 for supporting the Confederacy.

The governor appointed Unionist former-Governor Joseph A. Wright February 24, 1862, until a successor could be elected to finish the term.

Democrat David Turpie was elected to finish the term, ending March 3, 1863.

Turpie was not a candidate for the next term, however.

Former United States Representante Thomas A. Hendricks, who had not been a candidate to finish the current term, was elected in 1862 to the next term, starting March 4, 1863.

First-term Republican Lot M. Morrill was elected to his first full term January 13, 1863.

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1863 United States Senate election in Maryland

← 1857 1863 1868 →
80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
Candidate Reverdy Johnson Party Democratic Legislative vote - Percentage -%

Reverdy Johnson won election by an unknown margin of votes, for the Class 1 seat.^[9]

Two-term Republican Charles Sumner was re-elected.

Sumner would be re-elected again in 1869 and serve until his death in 1874.

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Minnesota's U.S. Senate election was held January 14, 1863 by the state legislature in a joint convention. Alexander Ramsey was a former Whig U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania's 14th Congressional District (1843-1847), former Minnesota Territorial Governor (1849-1853), former mayor of St. Paul (1855), and sitting Minnesota governor (1860-1863). Ramsey's main challengers for the Republican nomination were Cyrus Aldrich, David Cooper, and James Smith during balloting on January 12, 1863.^[7] Andrew G. Chatfield was a former New York state legislator and Associate Justice of the Minnesota Territorial Supreme Court (1849-1858).^[7]

Vote for U.S. Senator in joint session of the Minnesota legislature[7]
Republican	Alexander Ramsey	45	72.58
Democrat	Andrew G. Chatfield	17	27.42

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Democrat Trusten Polk was expelled January 10, 1862 from the Class 1 seat for supporting the rebellion. Unionist (and later Unconditional Unionist) John B. Henderson was appointed January 17, 1862 to finish the term.

Henderson was elected to the next term in 1863.

Democrat Waldo P. Johnson was expelled January 10, 1862 from the Class 3 seat for supporting the rebellion. Unionist (and later Unconditional Unionist) Robert Wilson was appointed January 17, 1862 to continue the term, pending a special election.

Fellow Unconditional Unionist Benjamin Gratz Brown was elected and would align with the Radical Republicans. He would retire at the end of his term in 1867 due to ill health.

In both elections, the New Jersey legislature elected its senators in joint convention.

Elected January 14, 1863

Vote for U.S. senator in joint session of the New Jersey legislature^[10]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	James W. Wall	53	67.1
	Republican	Richard S. Field	23	29.1
	Unknown	William Cook	1	1.3
	Republican	William A. Newell	2	2.5

Wall was not elected to the next term, so he only served for less than two months.

Former senator William Wright was elected February 26, 1863.

Vote for U.S. senator in joint session of the New Jersey legislature^[11]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	William Wright	54	68.4
	Republican	William A. Newell	25	31.6

Wright would serve until his death in 1866.

The New York election was held February 3, 1863 by the New York State Legislature.

Republican Preston King had been elected in February 1857 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1863.

At the State election in November 1861, 22 Republicans and 10 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1862–1863) in the state senate. At the state election in November 1862, Democrat Horatio Seymour was elected governor; and a tied Assembly of 64 Republicans and Democrats each was elected for the session of 1863. In December, in the 15th Senate District, Republican William Clark was elected for the session of 1863 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Democrat John Willard. The 86th New York State Legislature met from January 6 to April 25, 1863, at Albany, New York.

The election of a Speaker proved to be difficult in the stalemated Assembly. The Democrats voted for Gilbert Dean, the Republicans for Henry Sherwood, of Steuben Co. The Republicans, led by Chauncey M. Depew, became worried about the U.S. Senate election, due to occur on the first Tuesday in February. If the Assembly was not organized by then, the seat would become vacant, and could remain so until the next elected Assembly met in 1864.^[e] The Republicans, with a majority of 14 on joint ballot, were anxious to fill the seat, to have a maximum of support for President Abraham Lincoln in the U.S. Senate during the ongoing American Civil War. Theophilus C. Callicot, a Democratic assemblyman from Brooklyn, approached Depew to propose a deal: the Republicans should vote for Callicot as Speaker, and Callicot would help to elect the Republican candidate to the U.S. Senate. Depew put the proposition before the Republican caucus, and they accepted. On January 16, Sherwood and Dean withdrew. The Republicans then voted for Callicot, the Democrats for Eliphaz Trimmer, of Monroe Co. The Democrats, whose intention it was to prevent the election of a U.S. Senator,^[12] managed to postpone the vote for Speaker by filibustering for another ten days, but on January 26, Callicot was elected Speaker on the 92nd ballot (vote: Callicot 61, Trimmer 59, 3 Democrats were absent and 3 Republicans were paired). Thus the Assembly was organized to begin the session of 1863, three weeks late but in time for the U.S. Senate election.^[13]

The caucus of Republican^[f] State legislators met on February 2, State Senator Alexander H. Bailey presided. They nominated Ex-Governor Edwin D. Morgan (in office 1859–1862) for the U.S. Senate. The incumbent senator Preston King was voted down.

1863 Republican caucus for United States Senator result

Office	Candidate	Informal ballot	First ballot	Second ballot
U.S. Senator	Edwin D. Morgan	25	39	50
	Preston King	19	16	11
	Daniel S. Dickinson	15	11	13
	Charles B. Sedgwick	11	7	1
	David Dudley Field	7	5	2
	Henry J. Raymond	6	8	9
	Ward Hunt	4
	Henry R. Selden	1
	blank	1

The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met on the evening of February 2, State Senator John V. L. Pruyn presided. They did not nominate any candidate, instead adopting a resolution that "each Democratic member of the Legislature be requested to name for that office such person as he deems proper." They met again on the morning of February 3, and nominated Congressman Erastus Corning. The vote in an informal ballot stood: 28 for Corning, 21 for Fernando Wood, and 18 scattering. Wood's name was however withdrawn and Cornings nomination was made unanimous.

In the Assembly, Edwin D. Morgan received the votes of the 64 Republicans, and Erastus Corning the votes of 62 Democrats. Bernard Hughes (Dem.), of New York City, voted for Ex-Mayor of New York Fernando Wood, and Speaker Callicot voted for John Adams Dix. Thus the vote was tied, and no choice made. Speaker Callicot, although elected by the Republicans, refused to vote for the Republican caucus nominee, insisting in his vote for Dix who had been U.S. Senator and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury as a Democrat, but was now a Union general in the Civil War. A second ballot was then taken, and the Republicans took Callicot's hint, and voted for Dix who was nominated by the Assembly. Thus Callicot kept his part of the bargain, knowing that, on joint ballot, the Republican state senate majority will outvote the Democrats, and elect their candidate. It was just necessary that the Assembly nominate somebody, so that it became possible to proceed to a joint ballot.

In the state senate, Edwin D. Morgan was nominated.

Both houses of the legislature then proceeded to a joint ballot.

Edwin D. Morgan was declared elected after a joint ballot of the state legislature.

House	Republican		Democrat		Also ran
State Senate (32 members)	Edwin D. Morgan	23	Erastus Corning	7
State Assembly (128 members) first ballot	Edwin D. Morgan	64	Erastus Corning	62	John Adams Dix	1	Fernando Wood	1
State Assembly (128 members) second ballot			Erastus Corning	63	John Adams Dix	65
State Legislature (160 members) joint ballot	Edwin D. Morgan	86	Erastus Corning	70	John Adams Dix	1	Daniel S. Dickinson	1

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The Pennsylvania election was held January 13, 1863. Charles Buckalew was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.^[14]

The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 13, 1863, to elect a senator as follows:

State Legislature Results^[14][15]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Charles R. Buckalew	67	50.38
	Republican	Simon Cameron	65	48.87
	Republican	William D. Kelley	1	0.75
Totals			133	100.00%

Two-term (once in the 1840s and again until 1863) Republican James F. Simmons resigned August 15, 1862 as the Senate was preparing to expel him for bribery.

Republican Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island Samuel G. Arnold was elected September 5, 1862 to finish Simmons's term.

Republican Governor of Rhode Island William Sprague IV was elected to the next term.

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1863 United States Senate election in West Virginia

August 4, 1863 1865 → 1869 →
Needed to win: Majority support of the Joint Session of the Legislature[g]
Candidate Waitman Willey Peter Van Winkle Archibald Campbell Party Uncond. Union Uncond. Union Republican First ballot 50 votes 73.5% 22 votes 32.3% 27 votes 39.7% Sixth ballot Elected 46 votes 68.6% 12 votes 17.9%   Candidate Others First ballot 34 votes 50.0% Sixth ballot 9 votes 13.4%
Elected U.S. senators Waitman Willey (UU) Peter Van Winkle (UU)

There were two races for the new state.

Peter G. Van Winkle and Waitman T. Willey, both Unconditional Unionists, were elected August 4, 1863.

Van Winkle would serve just until the 1869 end of his term.

Before being elected senator from West Virginia, Willey was a senator from Virginia representing the Restored Government of Virginia, presenting their petition to Congress for West Virginia's statehood. He would be re-elected in 1865 to the next term served until the end of that term in 1871.

Party		Candidate	Ballots
			1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th
	Unconditional Union	Waitman Willey	50	Elected
	Unconditional Union	Peter Van Winkle	22	19	23	26	33	46
	Republican	Archibald Campbell	27	26	22	22	15	12
	Democratic	Benjamin H. Smith	24	17	13	5	4	2
	Democratic	Daniel Lamb	Not nominated			6	6	With.
	Scattering		10	6	8	8	9	7
Total			133	68	66	67	67	67
Needed to win			35	35	34	34	34	34

• 1862 United States elections
  • 1862–63 United States House of Representatives elections
• 37th United States Congress
• 38th United States Congress

• "Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present". Senate.gov.
• Hough, Franklin Benjamin; Hutchins, Stephen C.; Werner, Edgar Albert, eds. (1867). The New York Civil List., see pg. 568 for U. S. Senators; pg. 443 for state senators 1863; pg. 496ff for Members of Assembly 1863
• "Thirty-Eighth Congress – March 4, 1863, to March 3, 1865" (PDF). August 25, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 25, 2009. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
• Result state election 1861 in The Tribune Almanac for 1862 compiled by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune
• Result state election 1862 in The Tribune Almanac for 1863 compiled by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune
• Important from Albany – Nomination of Ex-Governor Morgan for United States Senator by the Union Caucus. The Democrats Decline to Make a Nomination in The New York Times on February 3, 1863
• Proceedings of the Legislature; Senate... The Adjourned Democratic Caucus in The New York Times on February 4, 1863
• Important from Albany – Ex-Governor Morgan Elected U.S. Senator in The New York Times on February 4, 1863
• Result in the Senate: Journal of the Senate (86th Session) (1863; pg. 95f)
• Result in the Assembly: Journal of the Assembly (86th Session) (1863; pg. 151f and 154)
• Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006 from the Wilkes University Election Statistics Project