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Lactarius fuliginosus

Lactarius fuliginosus
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Russulales
Family: Russulaceae
Genus: Lactarius
Species:
L. fuliginosus
Binomial name
Lactarius fuliginosus
(Krapf) Fr. (1838)
Synonyms[1]
  • Agaricus fuliginosus Krapf (1782)
  • Galorrheus fuliginosus (Krapf) P.Kumm. (1871)
  • Lactifluus fuliginosus (Fr.) Kuntze (1891)

Lactarius fuliginosus, commonly known as the sooty milkcap, is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. The medium-sized fruit bodies have velvety, grayish-brown caps and crowded gills. It is found in deciduous forests of Asia, Europe, and North America.

Taxonomy

The species was first described by Austrian botanist Karl Von Krapf in 1782 as Agaricus fuliginosus. Elias Magnus Fries sanctioned this name in his 1821 Systema mycologicum, and later (1838) transferred it to the genus Lactarius in his Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici.[2] Other synonyms include Paul Kummer's 1871 Galorrheus fuliginosus[3] and Otto Kuntze's 1891 Lactifluus fuliginosus.[4] Paul Konrad and André Maublanc's subspecies picinus is now known as the distinct species L. picinius.[5] L. fuliginosus form speciosus, described by Jakob Emanuel Lange in 1928,[6] has been elevated to a distinct species as L. romagnesii, while his form albipes is now L. azonites.[7] Fries's 1838 form major is now L. lignyotus.[8]

Lactarius fuliginosus is classified in the section Plinothgali of subgenus Plinthogalus in the genus Lactarius. Species in this section are characterized by having caps and stipes ranging in colour from buff to pale brown to grayish-brown and pinkish-staining flesh.[9] Molecular analysis published in 2012 showed that L. fuliginosus and L. picinus are sibling species, and cannot be reliably distinguished using morphology alone. Dirk Stubbe suggests that the geneti of L. fuliginosus from L. picinus was a fairly recent event that involved a host switch from deciduous to coniferous trees.[10]

The specific epithet fuliginosus derives from the Latin word for "sooty".[11] It is commonly known as the "sooty milkcap".[12]

Description

Mature gills are creamy ochre coloured; the stipe base is lighter coloured at the base and immediately under the gills.

The cap is convex to flattened, sometimes with a small central depression, and measures 4.5–12.5 cm (1.8–4.9 in) in diameter. The surface of the cap is dry, smooth, and has a velvety texture. It sometimes develops small wrinkles in the center, while the cap margin develops irregular grooves in maturity. Its colour is buff to grayish-brown to dark fawn, sometimes with darker spots and a lighter margin. The crowded gills have an adnate to slightly decurrent attachment to the stipe. They have an olive-buff to pinkish-buff colour, and stain pinkish. The cylindric stipe measures 4–8.5 cm (1.6–3.3 in) long by 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) thick and tapers to the base. Its surface texture is similar to the cap, but is coloured paler, and is whitish near the top. The flesh is whitish, but stains pinkish where injured; it is thick and firm in the cap and stipe. It has no significant odor and a mild to slightly acrid taste. The mushroom's sparse latex is white but dries pinkish, imparting that colour when it stains the gills and flesh.[13] Lactarius fuliginosus is not edible,[14] and may be somewhat poisonous.[15]

The spore print is pinkish buff. The spores are spherical to broadly ellipsoid, measuring 7.4–9.2 by 6.6–8.4 μm. The spore surface is covered with an almost complete reticulum with narrow ridges up to about 1 μm high, and irregular warts that stain amyloid with Melzer's reagent. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are somewhat club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 40–55 by 10–12 μm. The cap cuticle is in the form of a trichoepithelium measuring 50–100 μm thick comprising cylindric terminal hyphae measuring 20–45 by 5–8 μm.[13]

Similar species

Lactarius azonites is similar in appearance to L. fuliginosus but can be distinguished by its cap shape with an irregularly scalloped margin, the irregular and often anastomosing gills, the pale to almost whitish stipe, and the thick flesh that quickly turns red with injury. Microscopically, its spores have more regular surface ridges and a more widely meshed reticulum.[16]

Habitat and distribution

Lactarius fuliginosus is ectomycorrhizal with deciduous trees.[10] Its fruit bodies grow on the ground in deciduous forests of Europe and North America. In Asia, it has been recorded from Kashmir Valley in India,[17] China, and Japan.[10]

Chemistry

The fruit bodies were noted to have insecticidal properties in a 1990 publication.[18] Later research revealed the presence of a stearic acid ester that, upon injury to the mushrooms, coverts to an acrid phenol compound that oxidizes to a mixture of benzofuran and red chromene pigments.[19][20] This is part of a wound-activated chemical defense system used by the fungus to deter mycophagy.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Lactarius fuliginosus (Krapf) Fr., Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici: 348, 1838". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2013-05-29.
  2. ^ Fries EM. (1838). Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici (in Latin). Uppsala: Typographica Academica. p. 348.
  3. ^ Kummer P. (1871). Der Führer in die Pilzkunde (in German). Zerbst: C. Luppe. p. 127.
  4. ^ Kuntze O. (1891). Revisio generum plantarum (in German). Vol. 2. Leipzig: A. Felix. p. 856.
  5. ^ Heilmann-Clausen et al. (2000), p. 242.
  6. ^ Lange JE. (1928). "Studies in the agarics of Denmark. Part VII. Volvaria, Flammula, Lactarius". Dansk Botanisk Arkiv. 5 (5): 1–49 (see p. 33).
  7. ^ Heilmann-Clausen et al. (2000), p. 234.
  8. ^ Heilmann-Clausen et al. (2000), p. 226.
  9. ^ Heilmann-Clausen et al. (2000), p. 27.
  10. ^ a b c Stubbe D, Verbeken A (2012). "Lactarius subg. Plinthogalus: the European taxa and American varieties of L. lignyotus re-evaluated". Mycologia. 104 (6): 1490–501. doi:10.3852/12-039. PMID 22684287. S2CID 5097766.
  11. ^ Rea C. (1968). British Basidiomycetae. Cambridge University Press Archive. p. 492.
  12. ^ "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK-Revised". Scottish Fungi. Retrieved 2013-06-02.
  13. ^ a b Heilmann-Clausen et al. (2000), pp. 244–5.
  14. ^ Ettore B. (2012). Funghi. Conoscere, riconoscere e ricercare tutte le specie di funghi più diffuse. De Agostini. p. 121. ISBN 978-88-418-7695-4.
  15. ^ Chapuis JR. (1980). "Jahresbericht 1979 des Verbandstoxikologen" [Annual report 1979 by the toxicologist]. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde (in German). 58 (6): 84–90.
  16. ^ Heilmann-Clausen et al. (2000), p. 239.
  17. ^ Abraham SP, Kaul TN (1985). "Larger fungi from Kashmir India III". Kavaka. 13 (2): 77–86. ISSN 0379-5179.
  18. ^ Dowd PF, Miller OK (1990). "Insecticidal properties of Lactarius fuliginosus and Lactarius fumosus". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 57 (1): 23–28. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1990.tb01412.x. S2CID 85369383.
  19. ^ Conca E, De Bernardi M, Fronza G, Girometta MA, Mellerio G, Vidari G, Vita-Finzi P (1981). "Fungal metabolites 10. New chromenes from Lactarius fuliginosus Fries and Lactarius picinus Fries". Tetrahedron Letters. 22 (43): 4327–30. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)82947-6.
  20. ^ Debernardi M, Vidari G, Finzi PV, Fronza G (1992). "The chemistry of Lactarius fuliginosus and Lactarius picinus". Tetrahedron. 48 (35): 7331–44. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)88270-3.
  21. ^ Spiteller P. (2008). "Chemical defence strategies of higher fungi". Chemistry: A European Journal. 14 (30): 9100–10. doi:10.1002/chem.200800292. PMID 18601235.

Cited literature

  • Heilmann-Clausen J, Verbeken A, Vesterholt J (2000). The Genus Lactarius. Fungi of Northern Europe – Vol. 2. Denmark: Svampetryk. ISBN 87-983581-4-6.
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