Santanaraptor

Santanaraptor; Temporal range: Aptian-Albian, 112 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Reconstructed skeleton
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	Theropoda
Clade:	†Pantyrannosauria
Genus:	†Santanaraptor; Kellner, 1999
Type species
	†Santanaraptor placidus; Kellner, 1999

Santanaraptor (meaning "Santana Formation thief") is a genus of tyrannosauroid theropod dinosaur that lived in South America during the Early Cretaceous (late Aptian-early Albian), about 112 million years ago.

Discovery

The type species is S. placidus, first described by Kellner in 1999.^[1] The species epithet refers to Placido Cidade Nuvens [pt], who founded the Museu de Paleontologia da Universidade Regional do Cariri.

Description

The holotype (MN 4802-V) is a juvenile partial skeleton consisting of three caudal vertebrae with chevrons, ischia, femora, tibia, fibula, pes, and soft tissue. The fossilized tissue includes a thin epidermis,^[2] muscle fibers, and possibly blood vessels.^[3] Skin impressions under the left foot are also preserved, showing scales.^[2] It was unearthed in 1996 from the Romualdo Formation (Santana Group) in the Ceará State, northeastern Brazil.^[4] While primarily known from hindquarter elements, the individual represented by the fossil may have reached 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) in length and 15 kilograms (33 lb) in mass.^[5] The fossil consists of bones from the pelvis, hindlimbs, and tail. These provide little information on its overall appearance. However, it was definitely a coelurosaur, and a few of its details suggest that it might be a member of the tyrannosauroids. It is presumed to be similar to Dilong and Guanlong in that it had long arms, three fingered hands, and slim hindlimbs.^[4]

Classification

Santanaraptor was originally thought to be a maniraptoran theropod when it was first discovered. However, it is now thought to be a basal coelurosaur based on several features present on the femur. Santanaraptor was tabulated by Holtz (2004) as the first tyrannosauroid known from Gondwana,^[6] a position also found by Delcourt and Grillo (2018).^[7] However, this position has been criticised, as the supposed tyrannosauroid characters are widely distributed in Coelurosauria, and several aspects of the foot are more similar to noasaurids.^[8]

External links

A photograph of the fossil specimen, published by Rafael Delcourt's twitter account

References

^ Kellner, A. W. A. (1999). "Short Note on a new dinosaur (Theropoda, Coelurosauria) from the Santana Formation (Romualdo Member, Albian), northeastern Brazil". Boletim do Museu Nacional (Serie Geologia). 49: 1–8.
^ ^a ^b Hendrickx, Christophe; Bell, Phil R.; Pittman, Michael; Milner, Andrew R. C.; Cuesta, Elena; O'Connor, Jingmai; Loewen, Mark; Currie, Philip J.; Mateus, Octávio; Kaye, Thomas G.; Delcourt, Rafael (2022). "Morphology and distribution of scales, dermal ossifications, and other non-feather integumentary structures in non-avialan theropod dinosaurs". Biological Reviews. 97 (3): 960–1004. doi:10.1111/brv.12829. ISSN 1469-185X. PMID 34991180. S2CID 245820672.
^ Kellner, A. W. A. (1996). Fossilized theropod soft tissue. Nature 379, 32. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/379032a0
^ ^a ^b Benton, Michael J. (2012). Prehistoric Life. Edinburgh, Scotland: Dorling Kindersley. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-7566-9910-9.
^ Paul, Gregory S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0691167664.
^ Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2004). "Tyrannosauroidea". The Dinosauria (Second ed.). University of California Press.
^ Delcourt, Rafael; Grillo, Orlando Nelson (2018). "Tyrannosauroids from the Southern Hemisphere: Implications for biogeography, evolution, and taxonomy". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 511: 379–387. Bibcode:2018PPP...511..379D. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.09.003. S2CID 133830150.
^ Doran Brownstein, Chase (2021). "Dinosaurs from the Santonian–Campanian Atlantic coastline substantiate phylogenetic signatures of vicariance in Cretaceous North America". Royal Society Open Science. 8 (8): 210127. Bibcode:2021RSOS....810127D. doi:10.1098/rsos.210127. PMC 8385347. PMID 34457333.

[Kellner1999-1] Kellner, A. W. A. (1999). "Short Note on a new dinosaur (Theropoda, Coelurosauria) from the Santana Formation (Romualdo Member, Albian), northeastern Brazil". Boletim do Museu Nacional (Serie Geologia). 49: 1–8.

[:0-2] Hendrickx, Christophe; Bell, Phil R.; Pittman, Michael; Milner, Andrew R. C.; Cuesta, Elena; O'Connor, Jingmai; Loewen, Mark; Currie, Philip J.; Mateus, Octávio; Kaye, Thomas G.; Delcourt, Rafael (2022). "Morphology and distribution of scales, dermal ossifications, and other non-feather integumentary structures in non-avialan theropod dinosaurs". Biological Reviews. 97 (3): 960–1004. doi:10.1111/brv.12829. ISSN 1469-185X. PMID 34991180. S2CID 245820672.

[3] Kellner, A. W. A. (1996). Fossilized theropod soft tissue. Nature 379, 32. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/379032a0

[Benton,_Michael_J,_Prehistoric_Life-4] Benton, Michael J. (2012). Prehistoric Life. Edinburgh, Scotland: Dorling Kindersley. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-7566-9910-9.

[5] Paul, Gregory S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0691167664.

[Holtz2004-6] Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2004). "Tyrannosauroidea". The Dinosauria (Second ed.). University of California Press.

[7] Delcourt, Rafael; Grillo, Orlando Nelson (2018). "Tyrannosauroids from the Southern Hemisphere: Implications for biogeography, evolution, and taxonomy". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 511: 379–387. Bibcode:2018PPP...511..379D. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.09.003. S2CID 133830150.

[8] Doran Brownstein, Chase (2021). "Dinosaurs from the Santonian–Campanian Atlantic coastline substantiate phylogenetic signatures of vicariance in Cretaceous North America". Royal Society Open Science. 8 (8): 210127. Bibcode:2021RSOS....810127D. doi:10.1098/rsos.210127. PMC 8385347. PMID 34457333.

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