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Scolopendromorpha

Scolopendromorpha
Scolopendra ovitora guarding her eggs
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Class: Chilopoda
Subclass: Pleurostigmomorpha
Order: Scolopendromorpha
Families

Scolopendromorpha is an order of centipedes also known as tropical centipedes[1] or bark centipedes.[2][3] This order includes about 700 species in five families. These centipedes are found nearly worldwide, with tropical and subtropical regions providing the richest diversity in species.[4] This order includes the only known amphibious centipedes, Scolopendra cataracta, Scolopendra paradoxa, and Scolopendra alcyona.[5][6][7][8]

Description

The centipedes in this order are epimorphic, hatching with a full complement of segments.[9] They usually possess 21 or 23 trunk segments with the same number of paired legs. The number of leg pairs is fixed at 21 for most species in this order and fixed at 23 for the remaining species, except for two species with intraspecific variation: Scolopendropsis bahiensis, which has 21 or 23 leg pairs, and S. duplicata, which has 39 or 43 leg pairs.[10] Species in this order have flattened bodies ranging from 9 mm to 30 cm in length. Colors vary but can be vivid sometimes. Antennae are usually gradually attenuated and have from 14 to 34 segments (but usually have 17 to 21 segments).[4]

Families

The order comprises the five families Cryptopidae, Scolopendridae, Mimopidae, Scolopocryptopidae, and Plutoniumidae. Nearly all species in the family Scolopendridae have four ocelli (simple eyes) on each side of the head, and the genus Mimops (family Mimopidae) features a pale area often considered an ocellus on each side of the head, whereas the other three families are blind.[11][12] Species in the family Scolopocryptopidae have 23 leg-bearing segments, whereas species in all other families in this order have only 21 leg-bearing segments (with the exception of the genus Scolopendropsis in Scolopendridae).[13][12][11][14]

References

  1. ^ Proute, Jenelle (2017). "Scolopendra gigantea (Giant Centipede)" (PDF). The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago.
  2. ^ "Bark Centipedes - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 2022-12-30.
  3. ^ "Order Scolopendromorpha - Bark Centipedes". bugguide.net. Retrieved 2024-07-23.
  4. ^ a b Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Zapparoli, Marzio (2011). "Chilopoda – Taxonomic overview". In Minelli, Alessandro (ed.). The Myriapoda. Volume 1. Leiden: Brill. pp. 363–443 [392-393]. ISBN 978-90-04-18826-6. OCLC 812207443.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  5. ^ Bates, M. (26 June 2016). "'Horrific' First Amphibious Centipede Discovered". National Geographic. Archived from the original on June 26, 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  6. ^ Siriwut, W.; Edgecombe, G. D.; Sutcharit, C.; Tongkerd, P.; Panha, S. (2016). "A taxonomic review of the centipede genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae) in mainland Southeast Asia, with description of a new species from Laos". ZooKeys (590): 1–124. doi:10.3897/zookeys.590.7950. PMC 4926625. PMID 27408540.
  7. ^ Holmes, O. (1 July 2016). "Giant swimming, venomous centipede discovered by accident in world-first". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  8. ^ Sho, T. (12 April 2021). "A new amphibious species of the genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae) from the Ryukyu Archipelago and Taiwan". Biotaxa. Retrieved 2022-01-10.>
  9. ^ Fusco, Giuseppe (2005). "Trunk segment numbers and sequential segmentation in myriapods". Evolution & Development. 7 (6): 608–617. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2005.05064.x. ISSN 1525-142X. PMID 16336414. S2CID 21401688.
  10. ^ Minelli, Alessandro (2020). "Arthropod segments and segmentation – lessons from myriapods, and open questions" (PDF). Opuscula Zoologica. 51(S2): 7–21. doi:10.18348/opzool.2020.S2.7. S2CID 226561862.
  11. ^ a b Jiang, Chao; Bai, Yunjun; Shi, Mengxuan; Liu, Juan (2020-12-05). "Rediscovery and phylogenetic relationships of the scolopendromorph centipede Mimops orientalis Kraepelin, 1903 (Chilopoda): a monotypic species of Mimopidae endemic to China, for more than one century". ZooKeys (932): 75–91. doi:10.3897/zookeys.932.51461. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 7239954. PMID 32476974.
  12. ^ a b Vahtera, Varpu; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2012). "Evolution of blindness in scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha): insight from an expanded sampling of molecular data". Cladistics. 28 (1): 4–20. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00361.x. ISSN 1096-0031. PMID 34856735. S2CID 84329980.
  13. ^ Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2007). "Evolutionary Biology of Centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda)". Annual Review of Entomology. 52: 151–170. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091326. PMID 16872257.
  14. ^ Benavides, Ligia R.; Jiang, Chao; Giribet, Gonzalo (2021-09-01). "Mimopidae is the sister group to all other scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha): a phylotranscriptomic approach". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 21 (3): 591–598. doi:10.1007/s13127-021-00502-2. ISSN 1618-1077. S2CID 239688370.
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